In chess, when two kings face each other with only one square between them
In chess, opposition (or direct opposition) is a situation in which two kings are two squares apart on the same rank or file. Since kings cannot move adjacent to each other, each king prevents the other's advance, creating a mutual blockade. In this situation, the player not having to move is said to have the opposition.[1] It is a special type of zugzwang and most often occurs in endgames with only kings and pawns.[2] The side with the move may have to move their king away, potentially allowing the opposing king access to important squares. Taking the opposition is a means to an end, normally to force the opponent's king to move to a weaker position, and is not always the best thing to do.
There are extensions of direct opposition, such as diagonal opposition and distant opposition, which can be conducive to reaching direct opposition. All three types may be referred to simply as opposition if the type is unambiguous in context.
Direct opposition is a position in which the kings are on the same rank or file and are separated by one square. When the term opposition is used, it normally refers to direct opposition.
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Direct opposition. If Black is to move, White has the opposition and wins. If White is to move, Black has the opposition and draws.
In this diagram, the player whose turn it is not to move has the opposition. If it is Black's turn to move, White has the opposition and wins.[3] (See King and pawn versus king endgame.) If it were White's turn to move, Black would have the opposition and the position would be a draw.
In order to ensure correct play in situations like in the diagram, it may be helpful to remember that each time the pawn steps forward, it must be without giving check. If the pawn checks the opponent's king, the opposition will be lost and the game drawn.
Example
Gligorić vs. Fischer, 1959
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Position after 57.Kc4. Marked squares are key squares. Black draws.
In the game Svetozar Gligorić–Bobby Fischer, 1959,[4] Black can draw by keeping the white king from getting to any of the key squares (marked by dots). This is accomplished by not allowing White to get the opposition, and seizing the opposition if the white king advances.
57... Kb8!
This waiting move is the only move to draw. (In the actual game the players agreed to a draw at this point.) Other moves allow White to get the opposition and then get to a key square. If the white king gets to a key square, White wins. For example 57...Kb7? 58.Kb5, then the black king moves and the white king gets to a key square and then wins by forcing promotion of the pawn.
58. Kc5 Kc7
59. Kb5 Kb7
60. Ka5 Ka7
and Black draws. In this sequence, any other moves by Black lose.[5][6]
Diagonal opposition
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Black to move. White has direct opposition, but it is not sufficient to win; it must be converted to diagonal opposition first.
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Black to move, White has diagonal opposition.
Opposition along a diagonal is called diagonal opposition. Sometimes diagonal opposition is used to achieve direct opposition. An example is the position in the first diagram, with Black to move. White has the direct opposition in this position, but it does him no good because his king cannot attack the black pawn after the black king moves away. White needs to achieve direct opposition closer to the pawn.
1... Kf8 2. Kd6
and White has the diagonal opposition (second diagram).
2... Ke8 3. Ke6
White now has direct opposition on a useful square, and White wins:
Distant opposition is a position in which the kings are on the same rank or file but are separated by more than one square. If there are an odd number of squares between the kings, the player not having the move has the (distant) opposition. As with diagonal opposition, it is often converted to direct opposition, as in the diagram:[8]
1. Ke2
White takes the distant opposition.
1... Ke7 2. Ke3 Ke6 3. Ke4
Taking the direct opposition; and now Black must step aside.
3... Kd6
If 3...Kf6 then White plays the corresponding 4.Kf4!
4...Ke6 5.Kc5 and White is way ahead in the queening race.
5. Ke5
and White has a choice of which pawn he wins, using the created passed pawn as an outside passed pawn unless he can promote it directly.
Black can be tricky and try:
1... Kf8
The point is if 2.Ke3 then 2...Ke7 and now Black has the distant opposition and draws. Similarly, if 2.Kf3 then 2...Kf7. White must remember that the aim of the opposition is to penetrate, so to step sideways and forward with ...
Again, White penetrates. If 2.Kg3 then 2...Kg7 3.Kh3 Kh7 gives Black the distant opposition.
2... Kg7
If 2...Kh7 then 3.Kf4!
3. Kg3 etc.
Purpose
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The white king should simply march to key squares (c5 and then b6); taking the opposition with 1.Ke4 only draws.
Yuri Averbakh pointed out that the opposition is a means to an end; the end is penetration to a key square.[9] This can be a square in front of a pawn, so the king can lead it to the queening square, or into a critical zone to win an enemy blocked pawn.