Coccocarpia pellita var. cocoës(Sw.) Zahlbr. (1925)
Pyxine cocoes, the buttoned rosette lichen,[2] is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae.
Taxonomy
It was first described as a new species by Swedish botanist Olof Swartz in 1788. He called it Lichen cocoës,[3] following the lead of Carl Linnaeus who, in his influential 1753 work Species Plantarum, placed all lichens in the eponymous genus Lichen. Finnish lichenologist William Nylander transferred it to the genus Pyxine in 1853.[4] A common name used in North America is the "buttoned rosette lichen".[2]
Description
Pyxine cocoes has a pale grayish-green thallus comprising radiating lobes that are typically less than 1 mm wide. These lobes are closely attached to the surface of the substrate, have granular soredia that protrude through the cortex in irregularly shaped regions called soralia. The medulla is white, while the apothecia are black with black margins in mature specimens.[2] They are 1–5 mm wide, flat, and disc-shaped.[5] The tissue making up the base of the apothecia is brownish red.[2]Ascospores measure 15–22 by 6–8 μm.[5] The lichen contains lichexanthone, a xanthone compound that is found in about 20 Pyxine species.[6]
Habitat and distribution
Pyxine cocoes grows on bark and rocks.[5] The lichen has been reported from Asia (Japan and the Philippines), East Africa, North America, Central America, and South America, Hawaii, and Australia. In Australia, it is present only in coastal locations that are seasonally humid, and both wet and warm. In this continent, it is common on tree trunks growing on coral cays; these trunks are often used as bird perches, which accumulate bird droppings. The lichenologist Roderick W. Rogers suggests that the lichen could be nitrophilic, which would explain this growth habitat, as well as its tendency to prefer habitats that are at least partially urbanized.[5] In North America, it distribution extends as far north to Florida in the United States.[2]
The African species Pyxine katendei is somewhat similar in appearance to Pyxine cocoes, but it has only laminal (not marginal) soralia.[5]
^ abcdeRogers, R.W. (1986). "The genus Pyxine (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in Australia". Australian Journal of Botany. 34 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1071/BT9860131.
^Aptroot, André; Jungbluth, Patrícia; Cáceres, Marcela E.S. (2014). "A world key to the species of Pyxine with lichexanthone, with a new species from Brazil". The Lichenologist. 46 (5): 669–672. doi:10.1017/s0024282914000231.
^Bajpai, Rajesh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Nayaka, S.; Kumari, B. (2010). "Biodiversity, bioaccumulation and physiological changes in lichens growing in the vicinity of coal-based thermal power plant of Raebareli district, north India". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 174 (1–3): 429–436. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.071. PMID19818555.
^Bajpai, Rajesh; Upreti, D.K. (2012). "Accumulation and toxic effect of arsenic and other heavy metals in a contaminated area of West Bengal, India, in the lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 83: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.001. PMID22762786.
^Daimari, Rebecca; Bhuyan, Pranamika; Hussain, Sharfaa; Nayaka, Sanjeeva; Mazumder, M. A. Jafar; Hoque, Raza Rafiqul (2019). "Biomonitoring by epiphytic lichen species—Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.: understanding characteristics of trace metal in ambient air of different landuses in mid-Brahmaputra Valley". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 192 (1): 37. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-8007-x. PMID31828442.
^Noro, Jeffrey C.; Barrows, Louis L.; Rai, Prem; Ireland, Chris M.; Matainaho, Teatulohi; Bugni, Tim (2008). "Isolation of 6, 22-hopanediol from Pyxine cocoes, lichen used as traditional medicine in Papua New Guinea". Pacific Journal of Medical Sciences. 5: 90–95. ISSN2072-1625.