Kubah

Kubah merupakan salah satu unsur arsitektur yang selalu digunakan. Ia berbentuk seperti separuh bola, atau seperti kerucut yang permukaannya melengkung keluar. Terdapat juga bentuk 'kubah piring' (karena puncak yang rendah dan dasar yang besar) dan 'kubah bawang' (karena hampir menyerupai bentuk bawang).

Biasanya kubah akan diletakkan di tempat tertinggi di atas bangunan (sebagai atap). Ia diletakkan di atas rangka bangunan petak dengan menggunakan singgah kubah (pendentive).

Kubah dapat dianggap seperti suatu gerbang yang diputarkan pada rangka penyangganya. Ini bermakna kubah mempunyai kekuatan struktur yang besar. Sama seperti jembatan gerbang tertekan, kubah dapat dibuat dari batu bata dan beton saja, bergantung kepada daya tekanan dan geseran. Namun, kubah modern biasanya dibuat menggunakan aloi aluminium, keluli atau konkret diperkuat sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan dengan kepingan alumunium, tembaga, polikarbonat ataupun cermin sesuai keperluan.

Jika dilihat dari dalam, kubah yang berbentuk hemisfer kelihatan lebih menarik, tetapi perlu lebih tinggi untuk kelihatan menarik dari luar. Jadi sebagian kubah, contohnya Basilika Santo Petrus dibangun dari dua kubah sedangkan Katedral Santo Paulus dibangun dari tiga kubah.

Banyak masjid di dunia kini juga mempunyai kubah, termasuk di Indonesia. Tradisi ini berasal dari daerah Anatolia.

Beberapa stadion tertutup hari ini juga mempunyai kubah, terutama di negara yang mempunyai iklim empat musim. Stadion pertama seperti ini ialah "Astrodome" di Houston, Texas, AS. Contoh ternama lain ialah "SkyDome" di Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, stadion kubah pertama dengan atap yang dapat dibuka.

Sejarah

Kubah awal

Kubah terawal kemungkinan besar merupakan atap pondok primitif, yang dibuat dari dahan kayu sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan dengan selut dan lumpur. Ataupun menggunakan batu sebagai sangga. Contoh kubah seperti ini dapat dijumpai di dalam kubur Mikene di Yunani dan dalam arsitektur Sisilia di Italia. Kubah-kubah tersebut hanya digunakan untuk bangunan-bangunan yang kecil.

Abad Pertengahan dan Renaissance

Pada Abad Pertengahan semasa pemerintahan kerajaan Romawi, singgah kubah telah diciptakan untuk memungkinkan struktur kubah yang bulat diletakkan di atas bangunan berbentuk segi empat. Ini menjadikan penggunaan kubah semakin meluas.

Kemudian pada zaman Renaisans, orang-orang Eropa telah memperkenalkan ide tanglung di puncak kubah, dan juga meletakkan kubah di atas suatu struktur bulat (seperti silinder) supaya kelihatan lebih tinggi.

Zaman modern

Sedangkan pada zaman modern, bentuk kubah geodesi telah diperkenalkan. Kubah ini berbentuk hemisfer dan menggunakan kekisi sebagai rangka, menjadikannya lebih ringan. Perkembangan teknologi juga memungkinkan penggunaan cermin dan plastik sebagai padatan.

Kubah terkenal

Daftar kubah terkenal menurut tahun siapnya:

27 SM - Pantheon, Roma, Italia.
537 - Hagia Sophia, Konstantinopel, Turki.
691 - Kubah Batu, Yerusalem.
1436 - Katedral Firenze, Firenze, Italia.
1502 - Tempietto, Roma, Italia.
1593 - Basilika Santo Petrus, Vatikan
1616 - Masjid Biru, Istanbul, Turki.
1653 - Taj Mahal, Agra, India.
1708 - Les Invalides, Paris, Prancis.
1708 - Katedral Santo Paulus, London, Inggris.
1749 - Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, Inggris.
1850 - Capitol Amerika Serikat, Washington DC, AS.
2000 - Millennium Dome, London, Inggris.

Galeri

Kubah Basilika Santo Petrus, Vatikan
Kubah Batu, Yerusalem
Taj Mahal, di Agra, India
Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, Inggris
Capitol Amerika Serikat
Les Invalides, Paris, Prancis
Millennium Dome, London, Inggris
Hagia Sophia, Turki

Lihat pula

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