Pharmaceutical compound
2C-T-4 , also known as 4-isopropylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine , is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family .[ 1] [ 2] It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and is used as entheogenic recreational drug .[ 1]
Effects
2C-T-4 produces psychedelic and entheogenic effects that develop slowly and can last 12 to 18 hours.[ 1] While users may experience virtually no effects for the first hour after ingestion, results vary drastically between individuals and range from hallucination and euphoria to intense sickness and anxiety.[ 1] Shulgin devoted a chapter in the first part of his book PiHKAL to this compound, describing an intense "plus-four" psychedelic experience mediated by a twelve milligram dose.
Interactions
2C drugs are metabolized by the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B .[ 3] [ 4] Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as phenelzine , tranylcypromine , moclobemide , and selegiline may potentiate the effects of 2C drugs.[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] This may result in overdose and serious toxicity .[ 5] [ 3]
Pharmacology
2C-T-4 activities
Target
Affinity (Ki , nM)
5-HT1A
470–916
5-HT1B
ND
5-HT1D
ND
5-HT1E
ND
5-HT1F
ND
5-HT2A
27.9–54 (Ki ) 5.5–220 (EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration ) 56–87% (Emax Tooltip maximal efficacy )
5-HT2B
ND (Ki ) 63–160 (EC50 ) 68–75% (Emax )
5-HT2C
180–295 (Ki )ND (EC50 )ND (Emax )
5-HT3
ND
5-HT4
ND
5-HT5A
ND
5-HT6
ND
5-HT7
ND
α1A
11,000
α1B , α1D
ND
α2A
130–217
α2B , α2C
ND
β1 –β3
ND
D1
20,000
D2
16,000
D3
19,000
D4 , D5
ND
H1
>25,000
H2 –H4
ND
M1 –M5
ND
I1
ND
σ1 , σ2
ND
TAAR1 Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1
2,337–4,500 (Ki ) (mouse) 19–53 (Ki ) (rat) 3,700 (EC50 ) (mouse) 83 (EC50 ) (rat) >30,000 (EC50 ) (human) 51% (Emax ) (mouse) 67% (Emax ) (rat)
SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter
>30,000 (Ki ) 113,000 (IC50 Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration )ND (EC50 )
NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
17,000 (Ki ) 134,000 (IC50 )ND (EC50 )
DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter
>30,000 (Ki ) 294,000 (IC50 )ND (EC50 )
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs: [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9]
2C-T-4 acts as a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist , including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor .[ 8] [ 7] The mechanism that produces 2C-T-4's hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established, however it is most likely to result from 5-HT2A receptor activation in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.
Chemistry
2C-T-4 is the 2-carbon homolog of Aleph-4 . The full chemical name is 2-[4-(isopropyl thio )-2,5-dimethoxy phenyl ]-ethan amine . The drug has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-19 .[citation needed ] A notable analogue of 2C-T-4 is the Ψ-PEA compound Ψ-2C-T-4 .[ 1]
Society and culture
Popularity
2C-T-4 is relatively unknown on the black market, but has been sold to a limited extent on the research chemical market.[citation needed ]
Legal status
Canada
As of October 31, 2016, 2C-T-4 is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.[ 10]
China
As of October 2015 2C-T-4 is a controlled substance in China.[ 11]
Denmark
2C-T-4 is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.[ 12]
Sweden
Sveriges riksdags health ministry Statens folkhälsoinstitut classified 2C-T-4 as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health ) as of Jul 15, 2007, in their regulation SFS 2007:600 listed as 2,5-dimetoxi-4-isopropyltiofenetylamin (2C-T-4), making it illegal to sell or possess.[ 13]
United States
As of July 9, 2012, 2C-T-4 is a Schedule I substance in the United States, under the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012.[ 14]
References
^ a b c d e f g Shulgin A , Shulgin A (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story . Berkeley, California : Transform Press . ISBN 0-9630096-0-5 . OCLC 25627628 .
^ Shulgin A, Manning T, Daley P (2011). The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds . Vol. 1. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0 .
^ a b c Dean BV, Stellpflug SJ, Burnett AM, Engebretsen KM (June 2013). "2C or not 2C: phenethylamine designer drug review" . J Med Toxicol . 9 (2): 172– 178. doi :10.1007/s13181-013-0295-x . PMC 3657019 . PMID 23494844 .
^ a b Theobald DS, Maurer HH (January 2007). "Identification of monoamine oxidase and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the deamination of phenethylamine-derived designer drugs (2C-series)". Biochem Pharmacol . 73 (2): 287– 297. doi :10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.022 . PMID 17067556 .
^ a b Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D (January 2024). "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review" . J Psychopharmacol . 38 (1): 3– 18. doi :10.1177/02698811231211219 . PMC 10851641 . PMID 37982394 .
^ "Kᵢ Database" . PDSP . 9 May 2025. Retrieved 9 May 2025 .
^ a b Rickli A, Luethi D, Reinisch J, Buchy D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (December 2015). "Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs)" (PDF) . Neuropharmacology . 99 : 546– 553. doi :10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.034 . PMID 26318099 .
^ a b Luethi D, Trachsel D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (May 2018). "Monoamine receptor interaction profiles of 4-thio-substituted phenethylamines (2C-T drugs)" . Neuropharmacology . 134 (Pt A): 141– 148. doi :10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.012 . PMID 28720478 .
^ Simmler LD, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (April 2016). "In Vitro Characterization of Psychoactive Substances at Rat, Mouse, and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1" (PDF) . J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 357 (1): 134– 144. doi :10.1124/jpet.115.229765 . PMID 26791601 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-05-09.
^ "Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Part J — 2C-phenethylamines)" . Canada Gazette . 4 May 2016.
^ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" [Notice on the issuance of the "Regulations on the Listing of Non-Medicinal Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs"] (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015 .
^ "Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer" [Executive Order on Euphoriant Drugs]. Retsinformation (legal information) (in Danish).
^
^ Portman RJ. "Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012" . Govtrack. Retrieved 22 July 2012 .
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Natural sources
Tryptamines: Acacia spp. (e.g., Acacia acuminata , Acacia confusa )
Ayahuasca and vinho de Jurema (e.g., Psychotria viridis (chacruna) , Dipolopterys cabrerana (chaliponga, chacruna) , Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosa hostilis ; jurema) )
Brosimum (e.g., Brosimum acutifolium (takini) )
Hallucinogenic snuffs (e.g., Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica, ebene) , Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca, cebil) )
Incilius alvarius (Bufo alvarius ; Colorado River toad, Sonoran Desert toad; bufo)
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms (magic mushrooms, shrooms) (e.g., Psilocybe cubensis , Psilocybe mexicana (teonanacatl) )
Lysergamides: Achnatherum robustum (sleepy grass)
Epichloë spp.
Ergot (Claviceps ) (e.g., Claviceps purpurea , Claviceps paspali )
Morning glory (Convolvulaceae) seeds (e.g., Ipomoea tricolor (tlitliltzin, badoh negro; Ipomoea violacea ) , Ipomoea corymbosa (coaxihuitl, ololiúqui; Rivea Corymbosa , Turbina Corymbosa ) , Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose; HBWR) )
Periglandula spp. (e.g., Periglandula ipomoeae , Periglandula clandestina )
5-HT1
5-HT1A
Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT
Adatanserin
Amphetamine
Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone , hydroxynefazodone , nefazodone , trazodone , triazoledione , vilazodone , vortioxetine )
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Serotonin (5-HT)
SSR-181507
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TGBA01AD
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Urapidil
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Positive allosteric modulators: Oleamide
Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone , risperidone , sertindole )
AV965
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GR-46611
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Serotonin (5-HT)
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BW-723C86
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Lorcaserin
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Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP )
PNU-22394
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Antagonists: Agomelatine
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride , aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , cariprazine , clozapine , N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine) , N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) , olanzapine , pipamperone , quetiapine , risperidone , ziprasidone )
Cyproheptadine
EGIS-7625
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Ketanserin
LY-393558
mCPP
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PRX-08066
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Ritanserin
RS-127445
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SB-200646
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SB-206553
SB-215505
SB-221284
SB-228357
SDZ SER-082
Tegaserod
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Trazodone
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine )
TIK-301
Yohimbine
5-HT2C
Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B , 2C-E , 2C-I , 2C-T-2 , 2C-T-7 , 2C-T-21 )
5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET , 5-MeO-DiPT , 5-MeO-DMT , 5-MeO-DPT , 5-MT )
α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT , 5-Fl-αMT , 5-MeO-αET , 5-MeO-αMT , α-Me-5-HT , αET , αMT )
A-372159
AL-38022A
Alstonine
CP-809101
Dimemebfe
DOx (e.g., DOB , DOC , DOI , DOM )
Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52 , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergine (LSA) , ergotamine , lisuride , LA-SS-Az , LSB , LSD , LSD-Pip , LSH , LSP , pergolide )
Flumexadol
Lorcaserin
MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine) , MDMA (midomafetamine) , MDOH , MMDA )
MK-212
ORG-12962
ORG-37684
Oxaflozane
PHA-57378
Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine , mescaline )
Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole , BZP , mCPP , quipazine , TFMPP )
PNU-22394
PNU-181731
Ro60-0175
Ro60-0213
Serotonin (5-HT)
Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , bufotenin , DET , DiPT , DMT , DPT , psilocin , psilocybin , tryptamine )
Vabicaserin
WAY-629
WAY-161503
YM-348
Antagonists: Adatanserin
Agomelatine
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , iloperidone , melperone , olanzapine , paliperidone , quetiapine , risperidone , sertindole , ziprasidone , zotepine )
Captodiame
CEPC
Cinanserin
Cyproheptadine
Deramciclane
Desmetramadol
Dotarizine
Eltoprazine
Ergolines (e.g., amesergide , bromocriptine , LY-53857 , LY-215840 , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide , sergolexole )
Etoperidone
Fluoxetine
FR-260010
Irindalone
Ketanserin
Ketotifen
Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
Medifoxamine
Metitepine (methiothepin)
Nefazodone
Pirenperone
Pizotifen
Propranolol
Ritanserin
RS-102221
S-14671
SB-200646
SB-206553
SB-221284
SB-228357
SB-242084
SB-243213
SDZ SER-082
Tedatioxetine
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , aptazapine , esmirtazapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine )
TIK-301
Tramadol
Trazodone
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , nortriptyline )
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine , loxapine , pimozide , pipamperone , thioridazine )
Xylamidine
5-HT3 –7
5-HT3
Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol , ethanol (alcohol) , trichloroethanol )
m-CPBG
Phenylbiguanide
Piperazines (e.g., BZP , mCPP , quipazine )
RS-56812
Serotonin (5-HT)
SR-57227
SR-57227A
Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT , 5-CT , bufotenidine (5-HTQ) )
Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane , isoflurane , toluene , trichloroethane )
YM-31636
Antagonists: Alosetron
Anpirtoline
Arazasetron
AS-8112
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine , olanzapine , quetiapine )
Azasetron
Batanopride
Bemesetron (MDL-72222)
Cilansetron
CSP-2503
Dazopride
Dolasetron
Galanolactone
Granisetron
Lerisetron
Memantine
Ondansetron
Palonosetron
Ramosetron
Renzapride
Ricasetron
Tedatioxetine
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , mianserin , mirtazapine )
Thujone
Tropanserin
Tropisetron
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine )
Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide , sevoflurane , xenon )
Vortioxetine
Zacopride
Zatosetron
5-HT4
5-HT5A
5-HT6
Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , lisuride , LSD , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide )
Hypidone
Serotonin (5-HT)
Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT , 5-BT , 5-CT , 5-MT , Bufotenin , E-6801 , E-6837 , EMD-386088 , EMDT , LY-586713 , N-Me-5-HT , ST-1936 , tryptamine )
WAY-181187
WAY-208466
Antagonists: ABT-354
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole , asenapine , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , iloperidone , olanzapine , tiospirone )
AVN-101
AVN-211
AVN-322
AVN-397
BGC20-760
BVT-5182
BVT-74316
Cerlapirdine
EGIS-12233
GW-742457
Idalopirdine
Ketanserin
Landipirdine
Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
Masupirdine
Metitepine (methiothepin)
MS-245
PRX-07034
Ritanserin
Ro 04-6790
Ro 63-0563
SB-258585
SB-271046
SB-357134
SB-399885
SB-742457
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , mianserin )
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , clomipramine , doxepin , nortriptyline )
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine , loxapine )
5-HT7
Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride , aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , olanzapine , risperidone , sertindole , tiospirone , ziprasidone , zotepine )
Butaclamol
DR-4485
EGIS-12233
Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148) , amesergide , bromocriptine , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , LY-53857 , LY-215840 , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide , sergolexole )
JNJ-18038683
Ketanserin
LY-215840
Metitepine (methiothepin)
Ritanserin
SB-258719
SB-258741
SB-269970
SB-656104
SB-656104A
SB-691673
SLV-313
SLV-314
Spiperone
SSR-181507
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine )
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , clomipramine , imipramine )
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine , chlorpromazine , chlorprothixene , fluphenazine , loxapine , pimozide )
Vortioxetine
Negative allosteric modulators: Oleamide
TAAR1 Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1
TAAR5 Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 5
Notes: (1) TAAR1 activity of ligands varies significantly between species. Some agents that are TAAR1 ligands in some species are not in other species. This navbox includes all TAAR1 ligands regardless of species. (2) See the individual pages for references, as well as the
List of trace amines ,
TAAR , and
TAAR1 pages.
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Phenethylamines Amphetamines Phentermines Cathinones Phenylisobutylamines (and further-extended) Catecholamines (and close relatives) Cyclized phenethylamines
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines 2-Benzylpiperidines (phenidates ) Phenylmorpholines (phenmetrazines) Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes) Isoquinolines andtetrahydroisoquinolines 2-Aminoindanes 2-Aminotetralins Others / unsorted
1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g., 2CB-Ind , AMMI , bromojimscaline , jimscaline )
2-ADN
2-Benzhydrylpyrrolidine
2C-B-5-hemiFLY-α6 (BNAP)
2C-B-PYR
2CBecca
2CJP
2CLisaB
2CLisaH
3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g., 3-phenylpiperidine , 3-PPP , OSU-6162 (PNU-96391) , LPH-5 , LPH-48 , Z3517967757 (Z7757) )
6-AB
AL-1095
Aminochromes (e.g., adrenochrome , adrenolutin )
Benzazepines (e.g., fenoldopam , lorcaserin , SCHEMBL5334361 )
Benzocyclobutenes (e.g., 2CBCB-NBOMe , bromotomscaline , S33005 , TCB-2 , tomscaline )
Benzoxepins (e.g., BBOX , IBOX , TFMBOX )
Butyltolylquinuclidine
Camfetamine
Cypenamine (trans -2-phenylcyclopentylamine)
Diphenidine
Diphenylprolinol
DMBMPP
Ergolines (e.g., LSD )
Fencamfamin
GYKI-52895
HDMP-29
Ivabradine
Methoxphenidine
Methylmorphenate
Milnacipran
MT-45
2-Naphthylamine
Org 6582
Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI , RU-27849 , DEIMDHPCA , DEMPDHPCA , DEMPDHPCA-2C-D , RU-27251 )
PF-592,379
Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g., DMCPA , TMT , tranylcypromine )
Phenylpiracetams (e.g., phenylpiracetam , MRZ-9547 , RGPU-95 )
Pyridopyrroloquinoxalines (e.g., lumateperone , deulumateperone , IHCH-7079 , IHCH-7086 , IHCH-7113 , ITI-1549 )
Tetrahydrobenzopyranylamines (e.g., CT-5126 )
Tolazoline
Tricyclics (e.g., AMDA , AMDH , benzoctamine , dizocilpine , SpAMDA )
ZC-B
Related compounds
2-Furylethylamine
2-Pyrrolylethylamine
3-Pyrrolylethylamine
3-Pyrrolylpropylamine
2-Tetrahydrofurylethylamine
4-Benzylpiperidine
7-AB
Alkylamines (e.g., 1,3-DMBA Tooltip 1,3-dimethylbutylamine , 1,4-DMAA Tooltip 1,4-dimethylamylamine , heptaminol , iproheptine , isometheptene , methylhexanamine/1,3-DMAA , octodrine , oenethyl , tuaminoheptane )
Benzylamines (e.g., benzylamine , α-methylbenzylamine , MDM1EA , ALPHA , M-ALPHA , pargyline )
Benzylpiperazines (e.g., benzylpiperazine , MDBZP , fipexide )
Cyclohexylaminopropanes (e.g., propylhexedrine , norpropylhexedrine )
Cyclopentylaminopropanes (e.g., isocyclamine , cyclopentamine )
Phenoxyethylamines (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenoxyethylamine , CT-4719 , ORG-37684 )
Phenylalkenylamines (e.g., phenylbutenamine )
Phenylalkynylamines (e.g., phenylbutynamine )
Phenylpiperazines (e.g., 1-phenylpiperazine , mCPP Tooltip meta-chlorophenylpiperazine , TFMPP Tooltip trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine , oMPP Tooltip ortho-methylphenylpiperazine , pFPP Tooltip para-fluorophenylpiperazine , pMeOPP Tooltip para-methoxyphenylpiperazine )
Phenylpropylamines (e.g., phenylpropylamine , homo-MDA , homo-MDMA )
Thienylaminopropanes (thiopropamines) (e.g., thiopropamine , methiopropamine , thiothinone )