Ang lathalaing ito ay isang magaspang na pagsasalinwika mula sa ibang wika. Maaaring isinagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng isang kompyuter o ng isang tagapagsalinwikang walang katatasan sa dalawang wika. Tumulong po sana sa pagpapainam ng pagsasalinwika nito.
Ito ay isang probisyonal na listahan ng palampas fossils (fossil na labi ng isang nilalang na nagpapakita primitive mga ugali sa paghahambing na may higit nagmula organismo na kung saan ito ay may kaugnayan). Ang fossils ay nakalista sa serye, na ipinapakita ang paglipat mula sa isang pangkat sa isa pang, na kumakatawan sa makabuluhang mga hakbang sa paglaki ng mga pangunahing tampok sa iba't-ibang linya. Madalas kumakatawan sa mga pagbabagong ito ang mga pangunahing pagbabago sa anatomya, na may kaugnayan sa paraan ng buhay, tulad ng pagbili ng mga feathered wings para sa isang panghimpapawid na lifestyle sa ibon, o binti sa isda / tetrapod transition. Tulad ng nabanggit na sa pamamagitan ng Darwin, ang fossil record ay hindi kumpleto.
May perpektong, listahang ito dapat lamang recursively fossil na transisyunal na kumakatawan sa mga supling na mga specie mula sa kung saan na grupo na lumaki sa ibang pagkakataon, ngunit pinaka-kung hindi lahat, ng mga fossils na ipinapakita dito ay kumakatawan sa mga sanga, higit pa o mas mababa malapit na nauugnay sa ang totoo nitong mga ninuno.
Though not on the evolutionary path to tetrapods, Eusthenopteron is of fairly general build and is very well known, serving as an iconic model organism in tetrapod evolution.[5]
A medium sized, mainly pelagic fish, Eusthenopteron mainly use the pectoral and pelvic fins for navigation, and the tail for propulsion.[5] The fin was of diphycercal, foreshadowing the straightening of the spine and the evolution of a contiguous fin in fish like Panderichthys
A large, predatory shallow water fish. As common in shallow water fish, the pectoral and pelvic fins were flexible and paddle-like for propulsion.[6] The dorsal and anal fins are lost, the tail fin contiguous.[7] The spiracles were short and wide, indication large amount of oxygen were taken up by the lungs rather than through the gills.[8]
"Fish" with stout, fleshy pectoral fins with a joint between the innermost and the two next bony elements, corresponding to the elbow in higher tetrapods. The cleithrum bone was free of the skull, functioning as anchoring for the pectoral fins, and at the same time allowing for movement of the neck.[10][11]
Analysis of the cranial material shows it was more advanced than Tiktaalik, and together with Obruchevichthys form a sister group to the higher tetrapods.[12]
Though fragmentary, the find includes a shoulder blade (Cleitrum bone) as well as elements of the limbs, which shows it had comparable limbs Ichthyostega and Hynerpeton, indicating feet rather than fins.
Possibly oldest animal to have feet rather than fins.[14]
A large, dorso-ventrally flattened predatory fish with a well armoured labyrinthodont-like skull. While the fins themselves has not been found, the shoulder girdle is essentially similar to that of Acanthostega, indicating it too had feet rather than fins.[14]
Together with Ichthyostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. It is the oldest animal known to have feet rather than fins, thus making it a true tetrapod and the oldest known unquestionable ichthyostegalian.[15]
First known animal with toes rather than fins. The feet were broad and paddle-like, adapted for movement in water.[16] It retained functional gills in adulthood, behind a fleshy operculum.
Fairly closely related to Acanthostega. It possibly represent an early (and ultimately unsuccessful) line adapted to moving on land by inchworm-like movements.
Together with Acanthostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons.
Early labyrinthodont with polydactylous, paddle-like feet and reinforced vertebrae and neural spines. It probably spent time on land, yet retained gills and a tail with fin rayes.
A large animal with paddle-like six-toed feet. It did however not have gills in adulthood, and is thus the oldest labyrinthodont known to depend entirely on breathing with its lungs.[19]
Intermediate between the earlier Ichthyostegalian and the later, more advanced labyrinthodonts.
Despite an extra toe on the forelimbs, Pederpes had limbs that terminated in feet adapted primarely for walking rather than paddles for combined swimming and walking like the earlier groups.[20]
The Limnoscelis was originally described as a "cotylosaur" (early reptiles) together with the other diadectomorphans. Today the large-bodied diadectomorphs are thought to have had a larval stage, falling close to, but just outside the amphibian/reptile divide.
A large, predatory reptile-like amphibian. The limbs are extremely heavily built, indicating it fed on slow moving prey.
An early anapsid reptile, considered to be ancestral to both the synapsid and sauropsid lines, and thus the oldest representative of the crown group amniotes.
Isang uri ng Butiki na nasa anyong ahas na mula sa Panahong Cretaceous , Ito ay may apat na mga paa , (Marahil nagagamit o Marring ding hindi ang mga ito) .[28]
Ang Pinaka matandang uri ng archosaur, Ang Proterosuchus ay isa sa mga pinakamalaking reptilya lupa sa panahon ng Maagang Triassic, tungkol sa laki ng sa ngayon Komodo dragon s. Ito ay tumingin medyo buwaya, may nababagsak binti, mahaba ang panga, malakas na kalamnan at isang mahabang buntot. Ang isang natatanging proterosuchus kaugalian ay ang kakaiba hugis .
Nadiskubre lamang sa hwa-hiwalay na fossil ang Spondylosoma ay maaring isang naunang lahi o magiging dinosaur.[32] It has however also been classified as a rauisuchian.[33]
isang mallit (na umaabo lamang sa 1 metro, ~ 10 kg) na kayang lumalakad sa dalawang paa at may matatalim na mga ngipin at mabilis din tumak bo at may matatalas na mga kuko.
The find is represented only by a hind leg, but one that is very bird-like. It belonged to a small maniraptoran dinosaur with long, pennaceous feathers on its hind legs and (in all likelihood) arms.
Known for its mosaic of avian and theropod characteristics Archaeopteryx is both the first primitive bird in the fossil record and one of the first transitional fossils discovered.
Traditionally seen as the first proper bird, though it is not directly ancestral to modern birds.[37] An excellent intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. Capable of gliding, but lacking alula and keel, it could likely not sustain powered flight.
With its short tail and toothless beak, Confuciusornis is very modern looking compared to Archaeopteryx. The toothless beak is however a case of convergent evolution, as more advanced birds retained teeth, illustration the sometimes confusing mosaic evolution of the dinosaur-bird transition.
Kilala sa pagkaka hiwa-hiwalay na pag kakadiskubre ang mga Protoclepsydrops Maaring sila ang mga unang synapsid (Sa pagitan ng mamalya at mga Reptilya)
isang mabagal at mukhang butiking nilalang na may katamtamang sukat.
An advanced member of the family Sphenacodontidae, from which the therapsids (advanced synapsids) evolved
A pelycosaur-grade synapsid. At up to 4 meters, Dimetrodon was one of the largest animals of its time. The distinct sail of the back makes it the most recognized synapsid known
Primitive traits
Cold blooded metabolism dependent of external heat source (hence the "sail")[42]
Sprawling gait
No secondary palate
No enlarged side teeth in the lower jaw
Derived traits
Distinctly elongated 2nd and 3rd tooth on the maxilla, corresponding to the canine in mammals. The first canine generally longer than the second.[43]
Ang sinaunang therapsid. na kasing laki nga isang Aso, Ang Biarmosuchus ay isang magaan na hayop na kkayang kumain ng isang rin na hayop na kasinglai ng isang Agila.[44]
Pinaniniwalaang ang isa sa kauna-unahang uri ng primate (Lahi ng unggoy) o isang proto-primate, na isang 'primatomorph na ninuno ng mga Plesiadapiformes.
A European ape which is considered to be the predecessor of the great apes.
Some objections have been raised to this fossils status due to its location in Spain, but Pierolapithecus is likely a transitional taxon between generalized apes and the lineage which led to great apes.
Pleisomorphic traits
Relatively short fingers and walked in a similar quadrupedal fashion like baboons
Lacks adaptations for both gibbon-style brachaition as well as derived knuckle-walking like in chimpanzee's and gorilla's
Derived traits
Flat, wider rib cage like great apes for tree-climbing
The clavicle is large and similar to modern chimps suggesting a dorsally positioned scapula
Unang kilala genus ng ganap na may dalawang paa apes na kung saan ay marahil minamana sa matatag australopithecus at ang genushomo.
Intermediate sa pagitan ng patay may apat na paa at may dalawang paa apes. Habang ang relasyon sa pagitan ng ilang mga species ay nire-revise,Australopithecus afarensis ay itinuturing na, sa pamamagitan ng karamihan ng mga eksperto, ang ninuno sa lahat mamaya hominids.
Sila ang pinaka matagumpay na lahi na kung saan ang mga Modernong tao at mga neanderthals. Hinihilalang sila din ang mga unang tao na kumalat at nag tayo ng mga grupo ng pamayanan sa Aprika?
Sila ang ninuno ng mga Modernong tao at neanderthals.
Homo rhodesiensis ay ang agarang ninuno ng modernong mga tao kung saan talaga displaced ang neanderthal s sa Europa at ng isla mga 'hobbit' ng timog-silangan Asya. H. rhodesiensis umunlad mula saHomo erectus tungkol sa kalahati ng isang milyong taon na ang nakaraan ngunit pa rin Pinapanatili ang ilang mga primitive na mga katangian tulad ng medyo makapal na buto at molars mas malaki kaysa sa modernong tao.
Minamana sa mga modernong tao.
Mga Primitibong hitsura
Malaki pa ang mga ngipin
Heavy brow ridge
Extremely robust build in most groups
Pagbabago
Rounder, less broad based cranium
Malaki na ang utak, Nakakapag isip na katulad sa modernong mga tao.
↑ 5.05.1R. Cloutier (1996). "Taxonomic review of Eusthenopteron foordi.". Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München. pp. 487–502.
↑Lebedev, O.A. (1984). "The first find of a Devonian tetrapod vertebrate in the USSR". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Palaeontology (sa wikang Ruso). 278: 1470–1473.
↑Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973): The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence. Pp. 11-63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
↑Moss J.L. (1972). "The Morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the Lower Permian tetrapod Tseajaia campi Vaughn (Amphibia: Seymouriamorpha)". University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 98: 1–72.
↑ 25.025.1Gauthier J., Kluge, A.G., & Rowe, T. (1988) The early evolution of the Amniota. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds (1): pp 103-155. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
↑R. L. Paton, T. R. Smithson and J. A. Clack, "An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland", (abstract), Nature 398, 508-513 (8 April 1999)
↑Nesbitt, S.J.; Sidor, C.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.H.; and Tsuji, L.M.A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira". Nature. 464 (7285): 95–98. Bibcode:2010Natur.464...95N. doi:10.1038/nature08718. PMID20203608.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
↑Langer, M.C. (2004). Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 25-46. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
↑Galton, P.M. (2000). "Are Spondylosoma and Staurikosaurus (Santa Maria Formation, Middle-Upper Triassic, Brasil) the oldest saurischian dinosaurs?". Palaontologische Zeitschrift. 74 (3): 393–423.
↑R.N. Martinez et al. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science, Vol. 331, 14 January 2011, p. 206.
↑Chinsamy A., Martin L.D., Dobson P. (1998). "Bone microstructure of the diving Hesperornis and the volant Ichthyornis from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas". Cretaceous Research. 19 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1006/cres.1997.0102.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
↑Ruben, J.A.; Hillenius, W.J., Kemp, T.S. and Quick, D.E. (2011). "The Evolution of Mammalian Endothermy". Forerunners of Mammals. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 272–286. ISBN0-253-35697-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (tulong)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
↑Czaplewski, Terry A. Vaughan, James M. Ryan, Nicholas J. (2000). Mammalogy (ika-4th ed. (na) labas). Fort Worth: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. p. 51. ISBN003025034X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (tulong)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
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