Sum-product number

A sum-product number in a given number base ${\displaystyle b}$ is a natural number that is equal to the product of the sum of its digits and the product of its digits.

There are a finite number of sum-product numbers in any given base ${\displaystyle b}$. In base 10, there are exactly four sum-product numbers (sequence A038369 in the OEIS): 0, 1, 135, and 144.^[1]

Let ${\displaystyle n}$ be a natural number. We define the sum-product function for base ${\displaystyle b>1}$, ${\displaystyle F_{b}:\mathbb {N} \rightarrow \mathbb {N} }$, to be the following:

${\displaystyle F_{b}(n)=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{k}d_{i}\right)\!\!\left(\prod _{j=1}^{k}d_{j}\right)}$

where ${\displaystyle k=\lfloor \log _{b}{n}\rfloor +1}$ is the number of digits in the number in base ${\displaystyle b}$, and

${\displaystyle d_{i}={\frac {n{\bmod {b^{i+1}}}-n{\bmod {b}}^{i}}{b^{i}}}}$

is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number ${\displaystyle n}$ is a sum-product number if it is a fixed point for ${\displaystyle F_{b}}$, which occurs if ${\displaystyle F_{b}(n)=n}$. The natural numbers 0 and 1 are trivial sum-product numbers for all ${\displaystyle b}$, and all other sum-product numbers are nontrivial sum-product numbers.

For example, the number 144 in base 10 is a sum-product number, because ${\displaystyle 1+4+4=9}$, ${\displaystyle 1\times 4\times 4=16}$, and ${\displaystyle 9\times 16=144}$.

A natural number ${\displaystyle n}$ is a sociable sum-product number if it is a periodic point for ${\displaystyle F_{b}}$, where ${\displaystyle F_{b}^{p}(n)=n}$ for a positive integer ${\displaystyle p}$, and forms a cycle of period ${\displaystyle p}$. A sum-product number is a sociable sum-product number with ${\displaystyle p=1}$, and an amicable sum-product number is a sociable sum-product number with ${\displaystyle p=2.}$

All natural numbers ${\displaystyle n}$ are preperiodic points for ${\displaystyle F_{b}}$, regardless of the base. This is because for any given digit count ${\displaystyle k}$, the minimum possible value of ${\displaystyle n}$ is ${\displaystyle b^{k-1}}$ and the maximum possible value of ${\displaystyle n}$ is ${\displaystyle b^{k}-1=\sum _{i=0}^{k-1}(b-1)^{i}.}$ The maximum possible digit sum is therefore ${\displaystyle k(b-1)}$ and the maximum possible digit product is ${\displaystyle (b-1)^{k}.}$ Thus, the sum-product function value is ${\displaystyle F_{b}(n)=k(b-1)^{k+1}.}$ This suggests that ${\displaystyle k(b-1)^{k+1}\geq n\geq b^{k-1},}$ or dividing both sides by ${\displaystyle (b-1)^{k-1}}$, ${\displaystyle k(b-1)^{2}\geq {\left({\frac {b}{b-1}}\right)}^{k-1}.}$ Since ${\displaystyle {\frac {b}{b-1}}\geq 1,}$ this means that there will be a maximum value ${\displaystyle k}$ where ${\displaystyle {\left({\frac {b}{b-1}}\right)}^{k}\leq k(b-1)^{2},}$ because of the exponential nature of ${\displaystyle {\left({\frac {b}{b-1}}\right)}^{k}}$ and the linearity of ${\displaystyle k(b-1)^{2}.}$ Beyond this value ${\displaystyle k}$, ${\displaystyle F_{b}(n)\leq n}$ always. Thus, there are a finite number of sum-product numbers, and any natural number is guaranteed to reach a periodic point or a fixed point less than ${\displaystyle b^{k}-1,}$ making it a preperiodic point.

The number of iterations ${\displaystyle i}$ needed for ${\displaystyle F_{b}^{i}(n)}$ to reach a fixed point is the sum-product function's persistence of ${\displaystyle n}$, and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.

Any integer shown to be a sum-product number in a given base must, by definition, also be a Harshad number in that base.

All numbers are represented in base ${\displaystyle b}$.

Base	Nontrivial sum-product numbers	Cycles
2	(none)	(none)
3	(none)	2 → 11 → 2, 22 → 121 → 22
4	12	(none)
5	341	22 → 31 → 22
6	(none)	(none)
7	22, 242, 1254, 2343, 116655, 346236, 424644
8	(none)
9	13, 281876, 724856, 7487248	53 → 143 → 116 → 53
10	135, 144
11	253, 419, 2189, 7634, 82974
12	128, 173, 353
13	435, A644, 268956
14	328, 544, 818C
15	2585
16	14
17	33, 3B2, 3993, 3E1E, C34D, C8A2
18	175, 2D2, 4B2
19	873, B1E, 24A8, EAH1, 1A78A, 6EC4B7
20	1D3, 14C9C, 22DCCG
21	1CC69
22	24, 366C, 6L1E, 4796G
23	7D2, J92, 25EH6
24	33DC
25	15, BD75, 1BBN8A
26	81M, JN44, 2C88G, EH888
27	${\displaystyle \varnothing }$
28	15B
29	${\displaystyle \varnothing }$
30	976, 85MDA
31	44, 13H, 1E5
32	${\displaystyle \varnothing }$
33	1KS69, 54HSA
34	25Q8, 16L6W, B6CBQ
35	4U5W5
36	16, 22O

Sum-product numbers can be extended to the negative integers by use of a signed-digit representation to represent each integer.

The example below implements the sum-product function described in the definition above to search for sum-product numbers and cycles in Python.

def sum_product(x: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Sum-product number."""
    sum_x = 0
    product = 1
    while x > 0:
        if x % b > 0:
            sum_x = sum_x + x % b
            product = product * (x % b)
        x = x // b
    return sum_x * product

def sum_product_cycle(x: int, b: int) -> list[int]:
    seen = []
    while x not in seen:
        seen.append(x)
        x = sum_product(x, b)
    cycle = []
    while x not in cycle:
        cycle.append(x)
        x = sum_product(x, b)
    return cycle

• Arithmetic dynamics
• Dudeney number
• Factorion
• Happy number
• Kaprekar's constant
• Kaprekar number
• Meertens number
• Narcissistic number
• Perfect digit-to-digit invariant
• Perfect digital invariant