ശരീഅത്ത്‌

ഇസ്‌ലാമിന്റെ മതപരമായ പ്രമാണങ്ങളിൽ നിന്ന്, പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും ഖുർആൻ, ഹദീഥ് എന്നിവയിൽ നിന്ന് ഉരുത്തിരിഞ്ഞ ഇസ്‌ലാമിക നിയമങ്ങളാണ് ശരീഅത്ത്‌ ( അറബി: شَرِيعَة‎ ) എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്.^[1] ^[2] മാറ്റമില്ലാത്ത ദൈവികനിയമങ്ങളാണ് ഈ അറബി വാക്ക് കൊണ്ട് ഉദ്ദേശിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്. ശരീഅത്തിന്റെ കാലികമായ വായനകളും പ്രയോഗരീതികളുമാണ് ഫിഖ്ഹ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്^[3]^[4]^[5]. ആധുനികകാലത്ത് ശരീഅത്തിന്റെ പ്രയോഗവൽക്കരണം എങ്ങനെ എന്നതിനെ പറ്റി ഇസ്‌ലാമിക പണ്ഡിതർക്കിടയിൽ വ്യത്യസ്തങ്ങളായ അഭിപ്രായങ്ങൾ നിലനിൽക്കുന്നുണ്ട്.^[6]^[1]

ഖുർആൻ, ഹദീഥ്, ഖിയാസ് , ഇജ്‌മാഅ് (സമവായം) എന്നിവയാണ് പൊതുവെ ശരീഅത്തിന്റെ ഉറവിടമായി കണക്കാക്കുന്നത്.^[7] ഹനഫി മദ്‌ഹബ്, മാലികി മദ്‌ഹബ്, ശാഫിഈ മദ്‌ഹബ്, ഹമ്പലി മദ്‌ഹബ്, ജഅ്ഫരികൾ തുടങ്ങിയ കർമ്മശാസ്ത്ര സരണികൾ ശരീഅത്ത് നിയമങ്ങൾക്കനുസൃതമായി ഇജ്തിഹാദ്^[3] നടത്തിക്കൊണ്ട് നിയമനിർമ്മാണങ്ങൾ നടത്തിയവരാണ്^[4]. ആചാരാനുഷ്ഠാനങ്ങൾ, ജീവിതവ്യവഹാരങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം ശരീഅത്തിന്റെ വിശാലമായ മേഖലയിൽ വരുന്നു.^[8]^[9]. നിയമങ്ങൾ, ധാർമ്മികത എന്നിവ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കി മൊത്തം കാര്യങ്ങളെ അഞ്ച് വിഭാഗങ്ങളാക്കി പണ്ഡിതർ തിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്.^[3]^[4]^[5] ഫർദുകൾ (നിർബന്ധമായ കാര്യങ്ങൾ), സുന്നത്തുകൾ (ഐച്ഛികകാര്യങ്ങൾ), മുബാഹ് (നിഷ്പക്ഷമായവ), കറാഹത്ത് (വെറുക്കപ്പെട്ടത്-എന്നാൽ നിഷിദ്ധമല്ല), ഹറാമുകൾ (നിഷിദ്ധം) എന്നിങ്ങനെ.

ചരിത്രം

ഗവേഷണങ്ങളിലൂടെയും ഫത്‌വകളിലൂടെയും മതപണ്ഡിതർ സാമ്പ്രദായികമായ ശരീഅത്തിനെ വികസിപ്പിച്ചെടുത്തു. ഇസ്‌ലാമികരാഷ്ട്രങ്ങളിലെയും മറ്റും കോടതികൾ ഇതിനെ പ്രയോഗവൽക്കരിച്ചുവന്നു^[3]^[5]. മിക്കവാറും എല്ലാ മുസ്‌ലിം ഭരണക്രമങ്ങളിലും സിവിൽ-ക്രിമിനൽ നിയമങ്ങളിൽ ശരീഅത്തിന്റെ സ്വാധീനം പ്രകടമായിരുന്നു^[10]. അതേസമയം മുസ്‌ലിംകളല്ലാത്ത പ്രജകൾക്ക് അവരുടെ ആഭ്യന്തരകാര്യങ്ങളിൽ സ്വയംഭരണാധികാരം ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു.

മുഫ്തിമാർ രാഷ്ട്രസംവിധാനത്തിന്റെ ഒഴിച്ചുകൂടാനാവാത്ത ഭാഗമായി പരിണമിച്ചു^[11]. ശരീഅത്തും ഫിഖ്‌ഹും നിയമനിർമ്മാണത്തിന്റെ അടിത്തറായായി^[12], എന്നാൽ സാഹചര്യങ്ങൾക്കനുസൃതമായി വ്യാഖ്യാനിക്കപ്പെട്ടു വന്നു. 1869 മുതൽ ഒട്ടോമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം ശരീഅത്ത് നിയമങ്ങളെ ഏകോപിപ്പിക്കാനായി സിവിൽ കോഡ് രൂപീകരിച്ചത് ആ മേഖലയിലെ ആദ്യസംരംഭമായിരുന്നു.^[13]

അവലംബം

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "British & World English: sharia". Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
↑ Editors, History com. "Islam". HISTORY (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Islamic Law". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Vikør 2014.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Calder 2009.
↑ Amanat 2009: "Muslim fundamentalists [...] claim that Shari’a and its sources [...] constitute a divine law that regulates all aspects of Muslim life, as well as Muslim societies and Muslim states [...]. Muslim modernists, [...] on the other hand, criticize the old approaches to Shari’a by traditional Muslim jurists as obsolete and instead advocate innovative approaches to Shari’a that accommodate more pluralist and relativist views within a democratic framework."
↑ John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law Archived 19 ഒക്ടോബർ 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."
↑ Coulson & El Shamsy 2019.
↑ Hallaq 2010, p. 145.
↑ Ziadeh 2009c.
↑ Dallal & Hendrickson 2009.
↑ Stewart 2013, p. 500.
↑ Mayer 2009.

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[oxforddic-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "British & World English: sharia". Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.

[:0-2] Editors, History com. "Islam". HISTORY (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[ODI-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Islamic Law". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[FOOTNOTEVikør2014-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Vikør 2014.

[FOOTNOTECalder2009-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Calder 2009.

[FOOTNOTEAmanat2009-6] Amanat 2009: "Muslim fundamentalists [...] claim that Shari’a and its sources [...] constitute a divine law that regulates all aspects of Muslim life, as well as Muslim societies and Muslim states [...]. Muslim modernists, [...] on the other hand, criticize the old approaches to Shari’a by traditional Muslim jurists as obsolete and instead advocate innovative approaches to Shari’a that accommodate more pluralist and relativist views within a democratic framework."

[Esposito,_John_2001-7] John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law Archived 19 ഒക്ടോബർ 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."

[FOOTNOTECoulsonEl_Shamsy2019-8] Coulson & El Shamsy 2019.

[FOOTNOTEHallaq2010145-9] Hallaq 2010, p. 145.

[FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009c-10] Ziadeh 2009c.

[FOOTNOTEDallalHendrickson2009-11] Dallal & Hendrickson 2009.

[FOOTNOTEStewart2013500-12] Stewart 2013, p. 500.

[FOOTNOTEMayer2009-13] Mayer 2009.

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ശരീഅത്ത്‌

ചരിത്രം

അവലംബം

സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ

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