Android

Android

Screenshot  Samsung Galaxy Note
Parusahan / developer	Google Open Handset Alliance
Programmed in	C (inti), C++, Java (UI)[1][1]
Kulawarga OS	Unix-like
Katrangan kahanan	Aktif
Modhèl sumber	Sumber terbuka[2] dan pada sapérangan besar perangkat dengan komponèn perorangan[3]
Initial release	23 Sèptèmber 2008 (2008-09-23)[4]
Vèrsi stabil pungkasan	5.0.2 Lollipop / Dhésèmber 19, 2014; 10 taun kapungkur (2014-12-19)
Targèt pamasaran	Telepon pintar, komputer tablet, TV
Available language(s)	46 basa
Pangatur kemasan	Google Play, APK
Platform sinengkuyung	ARM, MIPS[5] dan x86[6][a]
Kernel type	Monolitik (modifikasi kernel Linux)
Userland	Bionic libc,[7] shell dari NetBSD,[8] beberapa utilitas asli dari NetBSD[9]
Default user interface	Grafis (multi sentuh)
License	Lisensi Apache 2.0 Modifikasi kernel Linux berlisensi GNU GPL v2[10]
Situs wèb	www.android.com

Android inggih punika sistem operasi telepon genggam ingkang adhedhasar ing vèrsi ingkang dipunmodifikasi saking kernel Linux lan piranti alus sumber tinarbuka sanèsipun, ingkang dipundamel utamanipun kangge piranti telepon genggam touchscreen kadosta telepon genggam lan tablet. Android dipundamel déning konsorsium pangembang ingkang dipunsebut Open Handset Alliance, sanajan vèrsi ingkang paling kathah dipunginakaken dipundamel utamanipun déning Google. Menika dipunumumaken ing November 2007, kanthi piranti Android komersial ingkang sepisan, HTC Dream, ingkang dipunluncuraken ing September 2008.

Kasunyatanipun, Android dipunsebut Android Open Source Project (AOSP)^[11] lan inggih punika piranti alus bebas lan sumber tinarbuka (free and open source software; FOSS) ingkang utamanipun dilisènsi miturut Lisènsi Apache. Ananging, piranti paling kathah mlampah ing vèrsi Android katutup (proprietary) ingkang dipundamel déning Google, ingkang ngirim kanthi piranti alus katutup ingkang dipunpasang saderengipun,^[12] paling utamanipun Google Mobile Services (GMS)^[13] ingkang nyakup aplikasi inti kadosta Google Chrome, platform distribusi digital Google Play, lan platform pangembangan Google Play Services ingkang dipunhubungaken. Firebase Cloud Messaging dipunginakaken kangge notifikasi. Sanajan AOSP inggih punika bebas, nami lan logo "Android" inggih punika merek dagang Google, ingkang nerapaken standar kangge matesi pangginaan merek Android déning piranti "sanes idin" ing njawi ekosistem Google.^[14][15]

Langkung saking 70 persen telepon genggam adhedhasar Android Open Source Project mlampah ekosistem Google (ingkang dipunsebut kanthi sederhana minangka Android), sawetawis kanthi antarmuka pangguna lan paket piranti alus vendor-customized, kadosta TouchWiz lan salajengipun One UI déning Samsung lan HTC Sense.^[16] Ekosistem ingkang saingan lan cabang saking AOSP nyakup Fire OS (dipundamel déning Amazon), ColorOS déning Oppo, OriginOS déning Vivo, MagicUI déning Honor, utawi ROM khusus kadosta LineageOS.

Kode sumber sampun dipunginakaken kangge ndamel variasi Android ing rerangkènan elektronik sanèsipun, kadosta konsol game, kamera digital, pemutar media portabel, lan komputer pribadi, saben setunggal kanthi antarmuka pangguna ingkang khusus. Sawetawis turunan ingkang terkenal nyakup Android TV kangge televisi. Paket piranti alus ing Android, ingkang ngginakaken format APK, umumipun dipundistribusikaken lumatar toko aplikasi proprietary kadosta Google Play Store, Amazon Appstore, Samsung Galaxy Store, Huawei AppGallery, Cafe Bazaar, GetJar, lan Aptoide, utawi platform sumber tinarbuka kadosta F-Droid.

Android sampun dados OS paling kathah sadunyo ing telepon genggam wiwit 2011 lan ing tablet wiwit 2013. Nalika Mei 2021, menika nggadhahi langkung saking tiga miliar pangguna aktif saben wulan, paling kathah saking sistem operasi menapa kémawon ing dunya,^[17] lan nalika Januari 2021, Google Play Store nampilaken langkung saking 3 yuta aplikasi.^[18] Android 14, ingkang dipunluncuraken nalika 4 Oktober 2023, inggih punika vèrsi paling énggal, lan Android 12.1/12L ingkang énggal kémawon diluncuraken nyakup perbaikan spesifik kangge telepon genggam lipat, tablet, layar ukuran desktop^[19] lan Chromebook.

1. ↑ ^{a b} "Android Code Analysis". Diarsip saka sing asli ing September 14, 2013. Dibukak ing June 6, 2012.
2. ↑ "The Android Source Code: Governance Philosophy". source.android.com. December 17, 2014. Dibukak ing January 25, 2015.
3. ↑ "Google's iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary". Ars Technica. Dibukak ing December 8, 2013.
4. ↑ "Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1". September 9, 2008. Dibukak ing September 21, 2012.
5. ↑ "MIPS gets sweet with Honeycomb". Eetimes.com. Dibukak ing February 20, 2012.
6. ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng ARMAN-4.0-on-x86
7. ↑ "android/platform/bionic/".
8. ↑ "android/platform/system/core/sh/". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-09-22. Dibukak ing 2015-02-23.
9. ↑ android/platform/system/core/toolbox/
10. ↑ "Licenses". Android Open Source Project. Open Handset Alliance. Dibukak ing September 9, 2012. The preferred license for the Android Open Source Project is the Apache Software License, 2.0. ... Why Apache Software License? ... For userspace (that is, non-kernel) software, we do in fact prefer ASL2.0 (and similar licenses like BSD, MIT, etc.) over other licenses such as LGPL. Android is about freedom and choice. The purpose of Android is promote openness in the mobile world, but we don't believe it's possible to predict or dictate all the uses to which people will want to put our software. So, while we encourage everyone to make devices that are open and modifiable, we don't believe it is our place to force them to do so. Using LGPL libraries would often force them to do so.
11. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (July 21, 2018). "Google's iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary". Ars Technica (ing basa Inggris Amérika Sarékat). Dibukak ing December 31, 2022.
12. ↑ "Is Android Really Open Source? And Does It Even Matter?". MakeUseOf. March 28, 2016.
13. ↑ "Android – Google Mobile Services". Android. Dibukak ing October 21, 2018. While the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) provides common, device-level functionalities such as email and calling, GMS is not part of AOSP. GMS is only available through a license with Google [..] We ask GMS partners to pass a simple compatibility test and adhere to our compatibility requirements for their Android devices.
14. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Android Open Source Project. Dibukak ing January 4, 2021.
15. ↑ Simon, Michael (December 26, 2016). "With Cyanogen dead, Google's control over Android is tighter than ever". www.greenbot.com. Dibukak ing January 4, 2021.
16. ↑ Hughes, Terry (July 28, 2014). "Google and Android Are Not the Same... and That's a Good Thing". App Developer Magazine. Dibukak ing July 29, 2020.
17. ↑ Cranz, Alex (May 18, 2021). "There are over 3 billion active Android devices". The Verge (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing March 24, 2022.
18. ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng 3 million apps2
19. ↑ "12L and new Android APIs and tools for large screens". Android Developers Blog (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing November 15, 2021.

Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ana tumrap golongan aran "lower-alpha", nanging tenger <references group="lower-alpha"/> sing magepokan ora ana, utawa </ref> panutup ora ana