A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery

A Philosopher Lecturing on the orrery, ma ọ bụ aha zuru ezu, A Philosophher giving that Lecture on the Orrery where a plaint a lamp in the place of the Sun, bụ ihe osise 1766 nke Joseph Wright nke Derby na-egosi onye nkuzi na-enye ngosipụta nke orrery - ihe nlereanya igwe nke usoro anyanwụ - nye obere ndị na-ege ntị. Ọ dị ugbu a na Derby Museum and Art Gallery ^[1] Ihe osise ahụ bu ụzọ An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (National Gallery, London).

Nke mbụ n'ime ihe osise Wright, Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight, e sere ya na 1765, ma gosipụta ndị ikom atọ na-amụ obere akwụkwọ nke "Borghese Gladiator". A na-enwe mmasị dị ukwuu na Gladiator; mana ihe osise ya ọzọ, The Orrery, kpatara ọgba aghara ka ukwuu, ebe ọ na-eji otu nke sayensị dochie isiokwu Classical n'etiti ihe nkiri ahụ. Nkọwa Wright nke egwu nke "ọrụ ebube" sayensị mepụtara gosipụtara nkwụsịtụ na ọdịnala ndị gara aga nke e debere ihe ngosi nka nke ihe ịtụnanya dị otú ahụ maka ihe omume okpukpe, ^[2] ebe ọ bụ na Wright ihe ịtụnanya nke oge teknụzụ dị egwu dị ka isiokwu nke nnukwu ihe osise okpukpe. ^[3]

N'ime ọrụ abụọ a, ọnọdụ kandụl nwere ezi ihe ziri ezi. Ikiri ihe ^[4] tụrụ atụ site na ọkụ kandụl, mgbe ọdịdị ya gosipụtara nke ọma, ọbụnakwa enwere ike inwe mmetụta nke mmegharị site na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke, bụ omume na-ewu ewu nke Goethe kọwara. N'ihe ngosi orrery, onyinyo nke oriọna na-anọchite anya anyanwụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ngosipụta ahụ. ^[5] Mana ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụghị ihe nkiri dị elu iji mee nnwale mgbapụta ikuku n'ime ụlọ nke otu kandụl na-amụnye, na n'ihe osise abụọ mechara nke Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo, ọkụ ahụ bụ ihe nkịtị..

Eserese a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị Britain na-agbagha usoro nhazi nke siri ike, nke French na-achị, ndị isi nke ụdị na njedebe narị afọ nke 18, dị ka ụdị eserese ndị ọzọ chọsiri ike ka e were ya dị ka eserese akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ejiji nke oge gboo. ma ọ bụ isiokwu akụkọ ifo. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, isiokwu Orrery na Air Pump yiri iberibe mkparịta ụka, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ ụdị ihe osise nke etiti, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge na-adịghị anya a ga-enye ọkwa ọhụrụ mgbe Johann Zoffany malitere ịcha ezinụlọ eze n'ihe dị ka 1766. ^[6]'iburu ọnọdụ ha dị nsọ, ebe ọ bụ na o yiri ka ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ e bu n'obi ịghọta dị ka foto (ọbụlagodi na enwere ike ịmata ihe nlereanya), a pụghị iwere ihe osise ahụ dị ka mkparịta ụka. Onye ^[7]-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 20 bụ Ellis Waterhouse jiri ọrụ abụọ a tụnyere "ụdị serieux" nke ihe nkiri French nke oge a, dịka Denis Diderot na Pierre Beaumarchais si kọwaa, echiche nke Egerton kwadoro.

Nnyoch^[8] a na-amaghị aha ya site n'oge ahụ kpọrọ Wright "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi dị ukwuu na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche".

E sere orrery na-enweghị ọrụ, ma eleghị anya na-atụ anya na ọ ga-azụta Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, onye ọrụ Royal Navy nke Britain nke nwere orrery nke ya, na onye enyi Wright Peter Perez Burdett nọ na Derbyshire. Ndị ^[9] chere na ha bụ foto nke Burdett na Ferrers gosipụtara na ihe osise ahụ, Burdett na-edetu ihe na Ferrer nọdụrụ na onye ntorobịa nọ n'akụkụ orrery.^[10] zụrụ ihe osise ahụ, nke egosiri n'afọ 1766, maka £ 210, mana 6th Earl rere ya, ọ dịkwa ugbu a na Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Derby na Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka, ebe ọ na-egosi na-adịgide adịgide, nso na ihe ngosi nke Grand Orrery zuru oke.

Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Wright, Benedict Nicolson, kwuru n'afọ 1968 na John Whitehurst bụ ihe nlereanya maka onye nkuzi ahụ, ebe onye ọzọ na-akọwa ihe na-egosi na onyinyo ahụ yiri "ihe osise nke Isaac Newton nke Godfrey Kneller". ^[1] Nnyocha nke ọma nke ihu ndị toro eto ^[11] foto ahụ na-ekpughe na nke ọ bụla na-egosi otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ n'ime isi Oge ọnwa - ọnwa ọhụrụ, ọkara ọnwa, ọnwa gibbous na ọnwa zuru ezu. ^[12] Powers, na The Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, na-ekwu na 'Onye Ọmụma' bụ John Arden, ọkà mmụta na onye nkuzi kacha mara amara maka ịkụziri nwa agbọghọ Mary Wollstonecraft.

N'afọ 1993, ndị Derby Museums nyere iwu ka e wughachi nnukwu ụlọ ahụ e sere na ihe osise Joseph Wright. ^[13] bụ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka.

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