Velebit

Velebit
Northern Velebit National Park
Highest point
Elevation	1,757 m (5,764 ft)
Prominence	1,059 m (3,474 ft)[1]
Listing	Ribu
Coordinates	44°32′N 15°14′E / 44.533°N 15.233°E / 44.533; 15.233
Geography
Velebit The highest peak of Velebit
Location	Croatia
Parent range	Dinaric Alps

Velebit (pronounced [ʋe̞le̞bit]; Latin: Mons Baebius; Italian: Alpi Bebie) is the largest, though not the highest, mountain range in Croatia. The range forms a part of the Dinaric Alps and is located along the Adriatic coast, separating it from Lika in the interior. Velebit begins in the northwest near Senj with the Vratnik mountain pass and ends 145 km to the southeast near the source of the Zrmanja river northwest of Knin.

Its highest peak is the Vaganski vrh at 1,757 m.^[2] Major mountain passes on Velebit include the aforementioned Vratnik or Senjsko bilo at 694 m.a.s.l.,^[2] where the Josephina connects Senj with Josipdol; Oštarijska vrata at 928 m.a.s.l. that connects Karlobag and Gospić;^[2] and Prezid at 766 m.a.s.l. that connects Obrovac and Gračac.^[2]

Velebit is characterized by its simple, solid form, stiff cliffs, the lack of vegetation on the seaward side (towards the Velebit Channel), and the wood-covered slopes of the Lika side. The basic geological characteristic of the mountains is karst; flora and fauna are abundant. The whole mountain range is protected as a nature park. The most popular spots on Velebit are: the peak of Vučjak (1,644 m) above Zavižan, the botanical gardens and caves, Hajdučki and Rožanski kukovi, Štirovača, the Northern Velebit National Park and the Paklenica National Park.^[3] The Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service has a permanent measurement station at Zavižan.^[2]

Velebit is usually divided into three regions:^[4]

• the northern part between the mountain passes Vratnik and Veliki Alan, with the highest peaks including:
  • Mali Rajinac (1699 m)
  • Veliki Zavižan (1676 m)
  • Veliki (Zavižanski) Pivčevac (1676 m)
  • Gromovača (1676 m)
• the middle part between Veliki Alan and Baške Oštarije with the highest peaks including:
  • Šatorina (1622 m)
  • Zečjak (1622 m)
  • Laktin vrh (1504 m)
• the southern part between Oštarije and Mali Alan, with the highest peaks including:
  • Vaganski vrh (1757 m)
  • Sveto brdo (1751 m)
  • Visočica (1615 m)
  • Crnopac (1402 m) in the far southeastern part

Velebit as a whole is a nature park, from which two national parks have been carved out: Paklenica and Sjeverni Velebit (Northern Velebit)

A further category of even more careful nature preservation exists within Sjeverni Velebit, the special reservation Hajdučki i Rožanski Kukovi, under the highest nature protection available in Croatia. Officially no human activity is allowed there (except research). These are the mostly still unexplored and wild places and probably will stay that way in the future.

A pathway called Premužićeva staza (Premužić's pathway) leads through the northern and middle parts of Velebit. This pathway was built between 1930 and 1933 and it connects northern and southern Velebit. Its length is 57 kilometres (35 mi).^[5] Many parts of Velebit would not be reachable without it. The Velebit mountains are transversed by the A1 through the Sveti Rok Tunnel.

• Zavižan area – North Velebit (Mali Rajinac) (1699 m)
• Rožanski Kukovi group – North Velebit (Gromovaca (1676 m) and Vratarski Kuk (1676 m)
• Alančić, Rožanski Vrh, Seravski Vrh, North Velebit (Goli Vrh (1670 m)
• Veliki Kozjak (1629 m), North Velebit
• Šatorina (1624 m) – Mid Velebit
• Stap area – South Velebit, (Debeli Kuk) (1269 m)
• Visočica (1619 m) – South Velebit
• Bojin Kuk (1110 m) – South Velebit
• Viserujna (1632 m) and Rujno – South Velebit
• Paklenica area – South Velebit
• Vaganski vrh (1757 m) – South Velebit (highest peak of Velebit)
• Liburnija (1710 m) – South Velebit
• Sveto Brdo (1751 m) – South Velebit
• Tulove Grede (1120 m) – Southeast Velebit
• Crnopac (1404 m) – Southeast Velebit

Some 45 peaks exceed 1600 m.^[6]

Plješivica or Velebitska Plješivica is a peak in the north of Velebit (1654 m) that hosts a communications tower and a former military facility.^[7] There is also a smaller peak of Pljišivica in the north of Velebit (1560 m).^[6]

In the categorization of 113 of the highest points of Croatia by professor Vladimir Volenec, first published in 1990 and revised in 2015, there are 76 peaks from the Velebit.^[6]

There are hundreds of "holes" on Velebit. It has the largest and deepest caves in Croatia. The three-part "Lukina jama" cave is 1392 m deep, making it one of the deepest caves in the world, and the deepest in southeast Europe,^[3] while the "Slovačka jama" is 1320 m. What makes it unique is that it is completely vertical, steepest in the world. At the bottom of the pothole is a water course or siphon with branches that are still unexplored. A kind of leech was discovered in the pothole, which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and family; it has been named Erpobdella mestrovi.

List of sinkholes on Velebit deeper than 500 m:

1. Lukina Jama, 1392 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
2. Slovačka Jama, 1320 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
3. Velebita, 941 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
4. Meduza, 679 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
5. Patkov Gušt, 553 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
6. Ledena Jama, 536 m, Lomska Duliba – North Velebit
7. Ponor na Bunovcu, 534 m, Bunovac – South Velebit
8. Jama Olimp, 531 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
9. Lubuška Jama, 521 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit

It is also home to Degenia velebitica, an endemic and protected species of plant in the mustard family discovered in 1907 by the Hungarian botanist Árpád von Degen.

The imposing nature of the Velebit mountain has made it something of a national symbol in Croatian folklore. There is a patriotic folk song "Vila Velebita" that personifies a fairy in Velebit.

Between 1962 and 2010, the highest temperature recorded at the Baške Oštarije weather station was 33.0 °C (91.4 °F), on 22 August 2000.^[8] The coldest temperature was −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F), on 3 March 2005.^[9]

Since records began in 1954, the highest temperature recorded at the Zavižan weather station at an elevation of 1,594 metres (5,230 ft) was 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), on 22 July 2015.^[10] The coldest temperature was −28.6 °C (−19.5 °F), on 10 February 1956.^[11]

In the 1935–1936 season, the Gojtanov dom mountain hut (open 1 May through 31 October), at 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) in elevation on Visočica, saw 232 visitors, including 3 Russian citizens. The mountain hut on Crnopac, at 750 metres (2,460 ft), normally open from 1 May to 31 October was closed at the time,^[14]: 224 but open year-round the next season. In the 1936–1937 season, it saw 149 visitors.^[15]: 243 In the 1937–1938 season, Gojtanov dom saw no visitors; the hut on Crnopac and the new mountain shelter on Bunovac were open.^{[16]: 237, 243}

In the Republic of Venice, Velebit was known as Montagna della Morlacca ("Mountain of the Morlach"), named after the Morlachs, an originally Romance ethnic group that eventually got assimilated into the local Croatian population, a generally socio-cultural and professional segment of the Slavic-speaking population rather than a Romance-speaking ethnicity.

Planine, the first Croatian novel by Petar Zoranić, was inspired by the Velebit mountain.

• 
  Saint Anthony’s Chapel
• 
  Tutlove grede
• 
  Velebit field
• 
  Veliko Rujno
• 
  Bojinac
• 
  Starigrad underneath Velebit
• 
  Lomska uvala
• 
  Velebit seen from Pag island
• 
  Zavratnica
• 
  Sveti Rok Tunnel
• 
  Northern Velebit
• 
  Kvarner Gulf seen from the summit of Velika Koss in northern Velebit in Croatia

• List of mountains in Croatia
• Rewilding Europe
• Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Croatia
• List of protected areas of Croatia

Literature about the Velebit that is available includes:

• Sergej Forenbacher's Velebit and its plant world.
• Željko Poljak's Mountains of Croatia.

• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "O Velebitu općenito". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. p. 14. ISSN 0354-0650.
• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "Srednji Velebit". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. p. 16. ISSN 0354-0650.
• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "Visočica". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. p. 16. ISSN 0354-0650.
• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "Vaganski vrh". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. p. 17. ISSN 0354-0650.
• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "Sveto brdo". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. p. 17. ISSN 0354-0650.
• Poljak, Željko (February 1959). "Ostali članci o Južnom Velebitu". Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. XI. pp. 17–18. ISSN 0354-0650.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Velebit.

• Velebit nature park Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine