Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible

Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) has included study of its textual variants.

Although the Masoretic Text (MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to Rabbinic Judaism, modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.^[1] These include the Greek Septuagint (LXX), the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection, and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases, and often differ from it.^[2] These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.^[3] However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.^[4]

Frequently used sigla (symbols and abbreviations) of Hebrew Bible manuscripts and editions include:^[5]

This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Genesis 1:1, see also In the beginning (phrase)

בראשית‎, bə-rê-šîṯ, 'In [the] beginning' – MT 4QGen^b (4QGen^g) SP^[6]

ברשית֯‎, bršîṯ – 4QGen^h[6]

ἐν ἀρχῇ, 'In [the] beginning' – LXX^[6] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[8]

In principio, 'In [the] beginning' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 1:1, see also Elohim and Names of God in Judaism § Elohim

אֱלֹהִ֑ים‎, 'ĕ-lō-hîm ('[the] gods' or 'God') – MT (4QGen^b) 4QGen^g SP.^[6] Grammatically speaking, the word elohim is a masculine plural noun meaning "gods", but it is often translated as singular and capitalised as Elohim, meaning "God".

ο θεός, 'the god' – ABP^[8]

Deus, 'God' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 1:1, see also Heaven in Judaism

הַשָּׁמַיִם‎, haš-šā-ma-yim, 'the heavens' – MT 4QGen^g SP^[6]

τὸν οὐρανὸν, 'the heaven' – LXX^[6] ABP^[8]

caelum, '(the) heaven' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 1:2, see also Tohu wa-bohu

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ‎, wə·hā·'ā·reṣ hā·yə·ṯāh ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū, 'and the earth was formless and void,' – MT (4QGen^b) SP^[10][11]

ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος, 'but the earth was unseeable and unfashioned' – LXX^[10] ABP^[8]

Terra autem erat inanis et vacua, 'But the earth was lifeless and empty' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 1:7

ויבדל‎, way·yaḇ·dêl, 'and [he] divided' – MT (4QGen^b) 4QGen^g SP Damascus Pent. Codex^[12]

καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ θεὸς, 'and the god parted' – LXX^[12] ABP^[8]

divisitque, 'and [he] divided' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 1:7

וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן‎, way·hî-ḵên., 'and it was so.' – MT 4QGen^b 4QGen^g SP Damascus Pent. Codex^[12]

Et factum est ita., 'And so it was done.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

omitted – LXX^[12] ABP^[8]

Genesis 1:9

מָקֹ֣ום‎, mā·qō·wm, 'place' – MT 4QGen^b Damascus Pent. Codex SP.^[13] The Yiddish word Mokum ("city") is derived from Makom.

מקוה‎, mikvé, 'ritual bath' – 4QGen.^h[13] A mikveh is a ritual bath in modern Judaism.

συναγωγην, 'gathering' – LXX^[13] ABP.^[8] The English word "synagogue" is derived from συναγωγή.

locum, 'place' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]} The English word "location" is derived from locus.

Genesis 1:9

και συνηχθη το νδωρ το υποκατω του ουρανου εις τας συναγωγας αυτών και ωφθη η ζηρα, 'And the water underneath the heaven gathered together into their gatherings, and the dry [land] appeared.' – LXX^[13] ABP.^[8] Compare Book of Jubilees 2:6.^[13]

omitted – 4QGen^bg MT SP Damascus Pent. Codex^[13] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[9]}

Genesis 2:4, see also toledot

אֵ֣לֶּה תֹולְדֹ֧ות‎, 'êl-leh ṯō-wl-ḏō-wṯ, 'These [are] the generations' – MT^[14][15]

תולדת‎, '[This is] the outcome' – SP Kennicott^{6 18 75 80 89 108 155 227 244 282[15]}

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως, 'This is the book of the origin' – LXX^Swete[16] ABP^[17]

Istae sunt generationes, 'Those are (the) generations' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:4

עֲשֹׂ֛ות יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, 'ă-śō-wṯ Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, '[that] Yahweh the god made' – MT SP^[15][14]

εποίησε ο θεός, '[that] the god made' – LXX^[15] ABP^[17]

ἐποίησεν Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, '[that] Lord the god made' – LXX^Swete[16]

quo fecit Dominus Deus, 'which (the) Lord God made' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:4

אֶ֥רֶץ וְשָׁמָֽיִם‎, 'e-reṣ wə-šā-mā-yim., '[the] earth and [the] heavens' – MT^[15]

שמימ וארץ‎, '[the] heavens and [the] earth' – SP^[15]

τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, 'the heaven and the earth' – LXX^[15] LXX^Swete[16] ABP^[17]

caelum et terram, '(the) heaven and (the) earth' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:5

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP^[19][14]

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX^[19] LXX^Swete[16]

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – ABP^[17]

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:7, see also Soul in the Bible § Genesis 2:7

וַיִּיצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־ הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־ הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה‎, way-yî-ṣer Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'eṯ-hā-'ā-ḏām, 'ā-p̄ār min-hā-'ă-ḏā-māh,, 'And [the] god Yahweh formed [a/the] man [from] the dust of the ground/earth' – MT SP.^[20][14]

There is a word play between אָדָם‎, ā-ḏām ("man", "human", later usually simply translated as the personal name "Adam") and אֲדָמָה‎, 'ă-ḏā-māh, 'ground, earth'.^[20]

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς·, 'And the god shaped the dust man from the earth' – LXX^Swete[16]

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν λαβών ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, 'And the god shaped the man taking dust from the earth' – ABP^[17]

Formavit igitur Dominus Deus hominem de limo terrae, 'Therefore, (the) Lord God formed the human/man with the earth's mud/clay' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:8

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP^[21][14]

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – ABP^[17]

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – LXX^[21]

Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'Lord the god' – LXX^Swete[16]

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:8, see also Garden of Eden

גַּן־בְּעֵ֖דֶן מִקֶּ֑דֶם‎, gan- bə-'ê-ḏen miq-qe-ḏem;, 'a garden in Eden in the east'

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεμ κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Edem according to the east' – LXX^Swete[16]

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεν κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Eden according to the east' – ABP^[17]

paradisum voluptatis a principio, 'paradise of pleasure from the beginning' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:9

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP^[22][14]

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX^[22] LXX^Swete[16] ABP^[17]

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:9

omitted – MT^[22]

את‎, et, 'with' – SP^[22]

Genesis 2:13

אֶ֥רֶץ כּֽוּשׁ׃‎, 'e·reṣ kūš., '[the] land of Cush. or [the] black land.' – MT^[14]

τὴν γῆν Αἰθιοπίας., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – LXX^Swete[16] ABP^[17]

terram AEthiopiae., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

See also Cush (Bible), Rivers of Paradise, and Gihon.

Genesis 2:16, see also Adam

עַל־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, 'al-hā-'ā-ḏām, '(to) the man' – WLC^[14]

τῷ Ἀδὰμ, 'to Adam' – LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[17]

ei, 'to him' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Compare Genesis 2:18

Genesis 2:17, see also tree of the knowledge of good and evil

אֲכָלְךָ֥‎, 'ă-ḵā-lə-ḵā, 'that you eat [qal infinitive singular]' – WLC^[14]

φάγησθε, '[you] should eat [active plural]' – LXX^Swete[16]

φάγητε, '[you] should eat [middle plural]' – ABP^[17]

comederis, '[you] shall/should eat [future active indicative/subjunctive singular)' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:18, see also Adam

הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, hā-'ā-ḏām, 'the man' – WLC^[14]

τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'the man' – LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[17]

hominem, '[the] man' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Compare Genesis 2:16

Genesis 2:18, see also Eve

אֶֽעֱשֶׂהּ־‎, 'e-'ĕ-śeh-, 'I will make' – WLC^[14]

ποιήσωμεν, 'let [us] make' – LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[17]

faciamus, 'let [us] make' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

לְזֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה‎, lə-zōṯ yiq-qā-rê 'iš-šāh, 'this [one] shall be called woman' – WLC^[14]

αὕτη κληθήσεται γυνή, 'she shall be called woman' – LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[17]

αὕτη κληθήσεται Γυνή, 'she shall be called Woman' – LXX^Swete[16]

haec vocabitur Virago, 'she will be called [a warlike] Woman' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

αὐτῆς ἐλήμφθη αὕτη, 'she was taken her' – LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7] (Koine Greek spelling)

αυτής ελήφθη, 'she was taken' – ABP^[17] (classical Greek spelling)

Genesis 2:24, see also Eve

אֶת־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶת־אִמֹּ֑ו‎, 'eṯ-'ā-ḇîw wə-'eṯ- 'im-mōw, 'his father and mother' – WLC^[14]

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ, 'his father and his mother' – LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7]

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα, 'his father and mother' – ABP^[17]

patrem suum, et matrem,, 'his father, and mother,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

Genesis 2:25

scilicet, 'of course' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[18]}

omitted – WLC^[14] LXX^Swete[16] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[17]

Genesis 3:20, see also Eve

וַיִּקְרָ֧א הָֽאָדָ֛ם שֵׁ֥ם אִשְׁתֹּ֖ו חַוָּ֑ה‎, way-yiq-rā hā-'ā-ḏām šêm 'iš-tōw ḥaw-wāh, 'And the man called the name of his wife Hawwah' – WLC^[23]

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of the woman Zoë' – LXX^Swete[24]

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς αυτού Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of his wife Zoë' – LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[25]

Et vocavit Adam nomen uxoris suae, Heva:, 'And Adam called [the] name of his wife, Heva:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[26]}

Compare Genesis 4:1

Genesis 4:1, see also Eve, and Cain and Abel

וְהָ֣אָדָ֔ם יָדַ֖ע אֶת־חַוָּ֣ה אִשְׁתֹּ֑ו‎, wə-hā-'ā-ḏām yā-ḏa' 'eṯ- ḥaw-wāh 'iš-tōw, 'And the man knew Hawwah his wife' – WLC^[27]

Ἀδὰμ δὲ ἔγνω Εὕαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Heva his wife' – LXX^Swete[28]

Αδαμ δὲ ἔγνω Ευαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Eva his wife' – LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Adam vero cognovit uxorem suam Hevam,, 'Adam truly knew his wife Heva,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Compare Genesis 3:20

Genesis 4:1

יְהוָֽה׃‎, Yah-weh., 'Yahweh.' – WLC^[27]

τοῦ θεοῦ., 'the god.' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Deum., '(the) God.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:9

יְהוָֽ׃‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC^[27]

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7]

κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'the lord god' – ABP^[29]

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:10

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7]

κύριος, '(the) lord' – ABP^[29]

omitted – WLC^[27] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:12, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā·nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC^[27]

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Compare Genesis 4:14

Genesis 4:13, see also Curse and mark of Cain

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה גָּדֹ֥ול עֲוֹנִ֖י מִנְּשֹֽׂא׃‎, way-yō-mer qa-yin 'el- Yah-weh; gā-ḏō-wl 'ă-wō-nî min-nə-śō., 'And Cain said to Yahweh: Great is my punishment to bear.' – WLC^[27]

καὶ εἶπεν Κάιν πρὸς τὸν κύριον Μείζων ἡ αἰτία μου τοῦ ἀφεθῆναί με., 'And Cain said to (the) lord: My fault is (too) great to forgive me.' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Dixitque Cain ad Dominum: Major est iniquitas mea, quam ut veniam merear., 'And Cain said to (the) Lord: My iniquity is greater than that [I] deserve pardon.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:14, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā-nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC^[27]

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Compare Genesis 4:12

Genesis 4:15

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC^[27]

κύριος ὁ θεός, 'the lord god' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:15, see also Curse and mark of Cain

שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקָּ֑ם‎, šiḇ-'ā-ṯa-yim yuq-qām, 'sevenfold vengeance shall be taken [on him] or suffer sevenfold vengeance' – WLC^[27]

ἑπτὰ ἐκδικούμενα παραλύσει, 'will be disabled/paralysed seven [times] [by] punishing/avenging' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

The English verb "to paralyse" derives from the Greek verb παραλύω ("to loosen from the side, relax, enfeeble, weaken, disable, paralyse").

septuplum punietur, 'shall be punished sevenfold' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:16

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC^[27]

τοῦ θεοῦ, 'of the god' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Domini, 'of (the) Lord' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:16, see also Land of Nod

בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן׃‎, bə-'e-reṣ- nō-wḏ qiḏ-maṯ- 'ê-ḏen., 'in [the] land (of) Nod east of Eden or [in] front [of] Eden.' – WLC^[27]

H6925 קִדְמָה‎ qidmah can mean both "east" and "over against" or "in front of".^[31]

ἐν γῇ Ναὶδ κατέναντι Ἔδεμ., 'in [the] land (of) Naìd over against Edem.' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7]

εν γη Ναϊδ κατέναντι Εδέν, 'in [land] (of) Naïd over against Eden.' – ABP^[29]

in terra ad orientalem plagam Eden., 'in (the) land to the eastern region (of) Eden.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 4:18, see also Enoch (son of Cain), and Generations of Adam

חֲנֹוךְ֙ עִירָ֔ד מְחֽוּיָאֵ֑ל מְת֣וּשָׁאֵ֔ל לָֽמֶךְ׃‎, ḥă-nō-wḵ...'î-rāḏ...mə-ḥū-yā-'êl...mə-ṯū-šā-'êl...lā-meḵ., 'Hanowk...Irad...Mehuyael...Methushael...Lamek.' – WLC^[27]

Ἑνὼχ Γαιδάδ...Μαιήλ...Μαθουσαλά...Λάμεχ, 'Henoch Gaidad...Maiel...Mathousala...Lamech' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

Henoch...Irad...Maviael...Mathusael...Lamech – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Compare Genesis 5:6–26

Genesis 4:20

וּמִקְנֶֽה׃‎, ū-miq-neh., 'and [raise] livestock.' – WLC^[27]

κτηνοτρόφων, 'grazing cattle' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[29]

atque pastorum., 'and of (the) shepherds.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[30]}

Genesis 5:1, see also Generations of Adam and Toledot

זֶ֣ה סֵ֔פֶר תֹּולְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם‎, zeh sê-p̄er tō-wl-ḏōṯ 'ā-ḏām, 'This [is] the book of the generations/genealogy (of) man or Adam' – WLC^[32]

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως ἀνθρώπων., 'This [is] the book of [the] origin/birth of men or humans' – LXX^Swete[33] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[34]

Hic est liber generationis Adam., 'This is [the] book of [the] generation/offspring (of) Adam.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[35]}

Genesis 5:2

בְּרֹ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אָדָ֔ם‎, bə-rō 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'ā-ḏām, '(the) god(s) created (the) man or Adam' – WLC^[32]

ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν Ἀδάμ,, 'the god made Adam,' – LXX^Swete[33] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[34]

creavit Deus hominem,, 'God made (the) man or human (being)' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[35]}

Genesis 5:6–26, see also Generations of Adam

אֱנֽוֹשׁ...קֵינָֽן...מַֽהֲלַלְאֵֽל...יָֽרֶד...חֲנֽוֹךְ...מְתוּשָֽׁלַח...לָֽמֶךְ‎, 'ĕ-nō-wōš...qê-nān...ma-hă-lal-'êl...yā-reḏ...ḥă-nō-wḵ...mə-ṯū-šā-laḥ...lā-meḵ, 'Enowosh...Qenan...Mahalalel...Yared...Hanowk...Methushalah...Lamek' – WLC^[32]

Ενώς...Καϊναν...Μαλελεήλ...Ιάρεδ...Ενώχ/Ἑνώχ...Μαθουσάλα...Λάμεχ, 'Enós...Kaïnan...Malaleél...Iáred...Enoch/Henoch...Mathousála...Lámech' – LXX^Swete[33] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[34]

Enos...Cainan...Malaleel...Jared...Henoch...Mathusalam...Lamech – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[35]}

Compare Genesis 4:18

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, way-yin-nā-ḥem Yah-weh kî- 'ā-śāh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and Yahweh regretted that [he] had made (the) man' – WLC^[36]

καὶ ἐνεθυμήθη ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἐποίησεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'and the god reflected upon / pondered that [he] made the man' – LXX^Swete[37] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[38]

poenituit eum quod hominum fecisset, 'he regretted which/because/that/what [he] had made of men/humans' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[39]}

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּתְעַצֵּ֖ב אֶל־לִבֹּֽו׃‎, way-yiṯ-'aṣ-ṣêḇ 'el- lib-bōw., 'and [he] was grieved in his heart.' – WLC^[36]

καὶ διενοήθη., 'and [he] considered it.' – LXX^Swete[37] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[38]

Et tactus dolore cordis intrinsecus,, 'And touched by [the] inner pain of [the] heart' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[39]}

Genesis 6:7, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה אֶמְחֶ֨ה אֶת־הָאָדָ֤ם‎, way-yō-mer Yah-weh 'em-ḥeh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and/so Yahweh said: I will destroy (the) man' – WLC^[36]

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός Ἀπαλείψω τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'And the god said: I will wipe off the man' – LXX^Swete[37] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[38]

Delebo, inquit, hominem,, '[I] will destroy, [he] said, [the] man,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[39]}

Genesis 6:14, see also Noah's Ark

עֲשֵׂ֤ה לְךָ֙ תֵּבַ֣ת עֲצֵי־גֹ֔פֶר‎, 'ă-śêh lə-ḵā tê-ḇaṯ 'ă-ṣê- ḡō-p̄er,, 'Make for yourself [a] box/basket of gopher wood' – WLC^[36]

ποίησον οὖν σεαυτῷ κιβωτὸν ἐκ ξύλων τετραγώνων·, 'Then make for yourself [a] wooden box out of four-cornered wood!' – LXX^Swete[37] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[38]

Fac tibi arcam de lignis laevigatis;, 'Make for yourself [a] chest/box of polished wood;' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[39]}

In other contexts, each of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin words are used to describe a (wooden) box, basket or chest for storage. The traditionally used English word ark derives from the Latin word arca (from the verb arceō, "to keep off/away/close"), which outside of the Bible never refers to any kind of ship, but always a relatively small object for keeping items. The same nouns are used for the Ark of the Covenant. The Hebrew noun H1613 גֹ֔פֶר‎ gopher is a hapax legomenon.

Genesis 9:20, see also Curse of Ham

אִ֣ישׁ הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה‎, 'îš hā-'ă-ḏā-māh, '[a] man of the land/ground/earth/soil' – WLC^[40]

ἄνθρωπος γεωργὸς γῆς, '[a] farmer-man of [the] land/earth/soil or [a] tilling/working/fertilising man of [the] land/earth/soil' – LXX^Swete[41] LXX^Rahlfs[7] ABP^[42]

vir agricola exercere terram, '[a] farmer-man to work at [the] land/earth/soil or [a] man working as [a] farmer on [the] land/earth/soil' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[43]}

Genesis 15:17

וַעֲלָטָ֖ה הָיָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה תַנּ֤וּר עָשָׁן֙ וְלַפִּ֣יד אֵ֔שׁ‎, wa-'ă-lā-ṭāh hā-yāh; wə-hin-nêh ṯan-nūr 'ā-šān wə-lap-pîḏ 'êš,, 'and it became dark, behold a firepot/oven smoking and a torch burning' – WLC^[44]

φλὸξ ἐγένετο· καὶ ἰδοὺ κλίβανος καπνιζόμενος καὶ λαμπάδες πυρός,, 'a flame came/happened. And behold, an oven smoking and torches/lamps of fire' LXX^Swete[45] Brenton^[46] ABP^[47]

facta est caligo tenebrosa, et apparuit clibanus fumans, et lampas ignis, 'a dark fog happened, and a smoking furnace appeared, and lamps of fire' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[48]}

Genesis 34:2

חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽחִוִּ֖י‎, ḥă-mō-wr ha-ḥiw-wî, 'Hamor the Hivite' – WLC^[49]

Ἐμμὼρ ὁ Χορραῖος, 'Emmor the Hurrian' – A^[50] LXX^Swete[51]

Εμμώρ ο Ευαίος, 'Emmor the Evite' – Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

Hemor Hevaei, 'Hemor of the Hevea' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:2, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ׃‎, way-yiq-qaḥ 'ō-ṯāh way-yiš-kaḇ 'ō-ṯāh way-'an-ne-hā., 'and he took her, and he laid her, and he raped her.^[54]' – WLC^[49]

καὶ λαβὼν αὐτὴν ἐκοιμήθη μετ᾽ αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτήν., 'and taking her, [he] slept with her, and humiliated/humbled her.' LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

adamavit eam: et rapuit, et dormivit cum illa, vi opprimens virginem., '[he] fell in love with her: and [he] abducted [her], and slept with her, attacking/subduing/oppressing [the] virgin by force.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:3, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשֹׁ֔ו בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּֽת־יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃‎, wat-tiḏ-baq nap̄-šōw bə-ḏî-nāh baṯ- ya-'ă-qōḇ; way-ye-'ĕ-haḇ 'eṯ- han-na-'ă-rā, way-ḏab-bêr 'al- lêḇ han-na-'ă-rā., 'And he stayed with/kept Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he lusted after the young woman, and he tried to quiet the young woman.^[54]' – WLC^[49]

καὶ προσέσχεν τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ, καὶ ἠγάπησεν τὴν παρθένον, καὶ ἐλάλησεν κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and [he] clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' LXX^Swete[51]

καὶ προσέσχε τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας/Δίνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ καὶ ἠγάπησε τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλάλησε κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and [he] clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

Et conglutinata est anima ejus cum ea, tristemque delinivit blanditiis., 'And his soul was glued to her, and [he] soothed [the] sad one with blandishments.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:3 (twice)

הנער‎, han-na-'ar, 'the young man' [H5288] – MT^[55]

הנערה‎, han-na-'ă-rā,, 'the young woman' [H5291] – SP^[55]

παρθένον/παρθένου, 'young woman or virgin' – LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

omitted – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:3

על‎, 'al-, 'to' [H5921] – MT^[55]

אל‎, el, 'towards' [H413] – SP^[55]

κατὰ, 'against/down/according to' – LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

omitted – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:7, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

וְכֵ֖ן לֹ֥א יֵעָשֶֽׂה׃‎, wə-ḵên lō yê-'ā-śeh., 'and such [a thing] should not be done' – WLC^[49]

καὶ οὐχ οὕτως ἔσται., 'And [it] shall not be thus.' LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

rem illicitam perpetrasset., '[he] had perpetrated/committed [an] illicit/unlawful act.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:9, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

תִּקְח֥וּ לָכֶֽם׃‎, tiq-ḥū lā-ḵem., 'take to/for yourselves.' – WLC^[49]

λάβετε τοῖς υἱοῖς ὑμῶν., 'take for your sons.' – LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

accipite,, 'accept,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:11

אֶתֵּֽן׃‎, 'et-tên., 'I will give.' – WLC^[49]

ἡμῖν δώσομεν., 'we will give.' – LXX^Swete[51]

δώσομεν., '[we] will give.' – Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

dabo, '[I] will give' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:14

וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם‎, way-yō-mə-rū 'ă-lê-hem,, 'And they said to them' – WLC^[49]

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας υἱοὶ δὲ Λείας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah sons of Leah said to them' – LXX^Swete[51]

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας/Δίνας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah said to them' – Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

omitted – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 34:14, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

לְאִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־לֹ֣ו עָרְלָ֑ה‎, lə-'îš 'ă-šer- lōw 'ā-rə-lāh;, 'to an uncircumcised man' – WLC^[49]

ἀνθρώπῳ ὃς ἔχει ἀκροβυστίαν·, 'to a man who has [a] foreskin' – LXX^Swete[51] Brenton^[50] ABP^[52]

homini incircumciso, 'to an uncircumcised man' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[53]}

Genesis 49:4

כִּ֥י עָלִ֖יתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אָבִ֑יךָ‎, kî 'ā-lî-ṯā miš-kə-ḇê 'ā-ḇî-ḵā;, 'because you went up on the beds of [your] father'^[56]) – WLC^[57]

ἀνέβης γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν κοίτην τοῦ πατρός σου·, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father;' – LXX^Swete[58]

ανέβης γαρ επί την κοίτην του πατρός σου, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father' – ABP^[59]

quia ascendisti cubile patris tui, 'because you ascended to the (marriage) bed of your father' – Vg^Clement[60] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[61]}

Compare Leviticus 18:22; Leviticus 20:13.^[56] See also Bilhah and Reuben (son of Jacob).

Exodus 1:11

פִּתֹ֖ם‎, pi-ṯōm, 'Pithom' – MT^[62]

Πιθώμ, Pithom – LXX^[62] ABP^[63]

Pithon – OL^Sb[62] Vg^[62]

Phythonam – OL^L[62]

Exodus 1:15

שִׁפְרָ֔ה‎, šip̄-rāh, 'Shiphrah' – MT^[62]

Σεπφώρα, Sepphóra – LXX^[62] ABP^[63]

Sepphora – OL^L[62]

Sephra – Vg^[62]

Exodus 3:14

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה‎, way-yō-mer ’ĕ-lō-hîm ’el-mō-šeh, ’eh-yeh ’ă-šer ’eh-yeh;, '[And] the god/God said to Moses: "I am that/who I am",' – WLC^[64]

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν·, 'and the god said to Moses, saying: "I am the being / the [one] who is/exists."' – LXX^Swete[65]

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν, λέγων, ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Ὤν·, 'And God spoke to Moses, saying, I am THE BEING^[66]' – Brenton^[66]

και είπεν ο θεός προς Μωυσήν εγώ ειμι ο ων, 'And God said to Moses, I am the one being.^[67]' – ABP^[67]

Dixit Deus ad Moysen: Ego sum qui sum., 'God said to Moses: I am who I am.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[68]}

See also I Am that I Am, Burning bush, and Yahweh § Name.

Exodus 6:14

פַלּוּא֙‎, p̄al-lū, 'Pallu' – MT^[69]

Φαλλους, Phallous – LXX^[69]

Φαλλού, Phallou – ABP^[70]

Fallus – OL^L[69]

Phallu – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:15

אֹ֙הַד֙‎, ’ō-haḏ, 'Ohad' – MT^[69]

Ωαδ, Oad – LXX^[69]

Ιωαδ, Ioad – B^[69]

Αωδ, Aod – ABP^[70]

Aod – OL^L[69] Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:15

צֹ֔חַר‎, ṣō-ḥar, 'Zohar' – MT^[62]

Σααρ, Saar – LXX^[62] ABP^[70]

Saar – OL^L[62]

Soer – Vg^[62]

Exodus 6:21

נֶ֖פֶג‎, ne-p̄eḡ, 'Nepheg' – MT^[69]

Ναφεγ, Napheg – LXX^[69]

Ναφεχ, Naphech – B^[69]

Ναφεκ, Naphek – ABP^[70]

Naphaec – OL^L[69]

Nepheg – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:22

אֶלְצָפָ֖ן‎, ’el-ṣā-p̄ān, 'Elzaphan' – MT^[69]

Ελισαφαν, Elisaphan – LXX^[69] ABP^[70]

Elisapham – OL^L[69]

Elsaphan – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:22

סִתְרִֽי‎, siṯ-rî, 'Zithri' – MT^[69]

Σετρι, Setri – LXX^[69]

Ζεχρι, Zechri – ABP^[70]

Zetri – OL^L[69]

Sethri – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:23

אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע‎, ’ĕ-lî-še-ḇa‘, 'Elisheba' – MT^[69]

Ελισάβεθ, Elisabeth – LXX^[69] ABP^[70]

Elisabet – OL^L[69]

Elisabe – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:24

אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף‎, ’ă-ḇî-’ā-sāp̄, 'Abiasaph' – MT^[69]

Αβιασαφ, Abiasaph – LXX^[69]

Αβιασαρ, Abiasar – A^[69] B^[69] ABP^[70]

Abisar – OL^L[69]

Abiasab – Vg^[69]

Exodus 6:25

פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙‎, pū-ṭî-’êl, 'Putiel' – MT^[69]

Φουτιήλ, Phoutiel – LXX^[69] ABP^[70]

Phutiel – OL^L[69]

Phutihel – Vg^[69]

Exodus 13:20

אֵתָ֔ם‎, ’ê-ṯām, 'Etham' – MT^[69]

Οθομ, Othom – LXX^[69]

Othon – OL^M[69]

Etham – Vg^[69]

Exodus 14:2

פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת‎, pî ha-ḥî-rōṯ, 'Pi Hahiroth' – MT^[69]

τῆς ἐπαύλεως, tes epaúleos, 'of the farm/estate/property' – LXX^[69] ABP^[71]

Epauleum – OL^M[69]

Phiahiroth – Vg^[69]

Exodus 14:9

פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת‎, pî ha-ḥî-rōṯ, 'Pi Hahiroth' – MT^[69]

τῆς ἐπαύλεως, tes epaúleos, 'of the farm/estate/property' – LXX^[69] ABP^[71]

Epauleum – OL^M[69]

Ahiroth – Vg^[69]

Exodus 17:1, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, r-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT^[62]

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX^[62]

Ραφιδείν, Raphideín – ABP^[72]

Rapidin – OL^M[62]

Raphidin – OL^Sb[62]

Raphidim – Vg^[62]

Exodus 17:8, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, r-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT^[62]

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX^[62]

Ραφιδίν, Raphidín – ABP^[72]

Rapidin – OL^M[62]

Raphidin – OL^Sb[62]

Raphidim – Vg^[62]

Exodus 19:2, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, rə-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT^[62]

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX^[62]

Ραφιδείμ, Raphideím – ABP^[73]

Rapidin – OL^M[62]

Raphidin – OL^Sb[62]

Raphidim – Vg^[62]

Exodus 19:16

וַיְהִי֩ קֹלֹ֨ת וּבְרָקִ֜ים‎, way-hî qō-lōṯ ū-ḇə-rā-qîm, 'and there were voices/sounds/noises/thunders and lightnings / flashes of lightning / gleamings' – WLC^[74][75]

ויהי קולות וברקים‎, way-hi q-v-l-v-t ū-ḇə-rā-qîm, 'and there were voices/sounds/noises/thunders and lightnings / flashes of lightning / gleamings' – SP^[75]

καὶ ἐγίνοντο φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ, 'and there were voices/sounds and lightnings / flashes of lightning / brightnesses' – LXX^Swete[76] Brenton^[77]

και εγένοντο φωναί και άστραπαι, 'and there were voices/sounds and lightnings / flashes of lightning / brightnesses' – ABP^[73]

et ecce coeperunt audiri tonitrua, ac micare fulgura, 'and behold, thunders began to be heard, and lightnings to flash' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[78]}

Compare Exodus 20:18.^[75]

Exodus 20:1

וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֵ֛ת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לֵאמֹֽר׃ ס‎, way-ḏab-bêr ’ĕ-lō-hîm, ’êṯ kāl-had-də-ḇā-rîm hā-’êl-leh lê-mōr., 'And [the] god/God spoke all these words, saying,' – WLC (1QExod 4QPaleoExod^m) SP^[79][80]

Καὶ ἐλάλησεν Κύριος πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους λέγων, 'And the Lord spoke all these words, saying,' – LXX^[79] LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

Dominus, '[the] Lord' – Vg^[79] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:5.

Exodus 20:2, see also I am the Lord thy God

אָֽנֹכִ֖י֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑֔יךָ‎, ’ā-nō-ḵî Yah-weh ’ĕ-lō-he-ḵā,, 'I [am] Yahweh your god' – WLC^[80]

Ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ θεός σου, 'I am Lord the god of yours' – LXX^Swete[81]

ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου, 'I am Lord the God of yours' – Brenton^[83]

εγώ ειμι κύριος ο θεός σου, 'I am lord the god of yours' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] ABP^[84]

Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus,, 'I am (the) Lord your God,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:6.

Exodus 20:2, see also I am the Lord thy God

δουλίας, 'of slavery' – LXX^Swete[81] (Pontic Greek spelling)

δουλείας, 'of slavery' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84] (Attic and Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Deuteronomy 5:6.

Exodus 20:3, see also Thou shalt have no other gods before me

לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְךָ֛֩ אֱלֹהִ֥֨ים אֲחֵרִ֖֜ים עַל־פָּנָֽ֗יַ‎, lō yih-yeh-lə-ḵā ’ĕ-lō-hîm ’ă-ḥê-rîm ‘al-pā-nā-ya,, 'You shall not have other/further gods over/against/above/beside me' – WLC^[80]

אֲחֵרִ֖֜ים‎ ’ă-ḥê-rîm is from H312 אחר (achér), which can mean "another", "other", "different", "further", "subsequent", "following", "next", "after".^[86]

עַל־‎ al- is from H5921 על (al), which can mean "over", "against", "above", "beside(s)" (or "along(side)"), "about/concerning", "according", or many other less frequent meanings,^[87] and features in the name El Al ("Upwards").

Οὐκ ἔσονταί σοι θεοὶ ἕτεροι πλὴν ἐμοῦ., 'There shall not be to you other gods besides/except me' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

ἕτεροι heteroi is from ἕτερος, which can mean "other", "another", "different", "second", "after",^[88] and the origin of the English word hetero-.

Non habebis deos alienos coram me., '[You] shall have no alien/foreign/strange gods before me / in my presence.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

alienos is from aliēnus (compare alius and alter), and the origin of the English word alien.

Compare Deuteronomy 5:7 (Hebrew witnesses identical, Greek and Latin witnesses different).

Exodus 20:5, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image

כִּ֣י אָֽנֹכִ֞י יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ אֵ֣ל קַנָּ֔א‎, kî ’ā-nō-ḵî Yah-weh ’ĕ-lō-he-ḵā ’êl qan-nā, 'because I Yahweh your god [am a] jealous god' – MT^[89] WLC^[80] SP^[89]

קנוא‎, qanno, 'jealous' – Pap^Nash (H7072 instead of H7067 קַנָּא‎ qanna in MT SP)^[89]

ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι Κύριος ὁ θεός σου, θεὸς ζηλωτής,, 'because I am [the] Lord your god, [a] zealot-god,' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

The words ζῆλος and ζηλωτής are the roots of many words including zeal, zealot, zealotry, zealous, jealous and jealousy.

ego sum Dominus Deus tuus fortis, zelotes,, 'I am (the) Lord your strong God, [a] zelot,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:9.

Exodus 20:5, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image

עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים‎, ‘al- šil-lê-šîm wə-‘al- rib-bê-‘îm, 'to/on thirds and fourths' – WLC^[80]

ἕως τρίτης καὶ τετάρτης γενεᾶς, 'until of [the] third and fourth generation' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83]

επί τρίτην και τετάρτην γενεάν, '(up)on/(un)to/against [the] third and fourth generation' – ABP^[84]

in tertiam et quartam generationem, 'into/to(wards)/against/until [the] third and fourth generation' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:9.

Exodus 20:7, see also Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

λήψη, 'shall take' – ABP^[84] Brenton^[83] (classical Greek spelling)

λήμψῃ, 'shall take' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] (Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Deuteronomy 5:11.

Exodus 20:7, see also Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ יְהוָ֔ה‎, lō yə-naq-qeh Yah-weh, 'Yahweh will not acquit / leave unpunished / hold guiltless' – WLC^[80]

μὴ καθαρίσῃ Κύριος, '[the] Lord shall not cleanse' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82]

μὴ καθαρίσει Κύριος, '[the] Lord shall not cleanse' – ABP^[84]

μὴ καθαρίσῃ Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου, '[the] Lord your God shall not cleanse' – Brenton^[83]

nec...habebit insontem Dominus eum, 'and [the] Lord will not hold/consider him innocent' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:11.

Exodus 20:10, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy

וּבְהֶמְתֶּ֔֗ךָ‎, ū-ḇə-hem-te-ḵā,, 'your cattle,' – WLC^[80]

ὁ βοῦς σου, καὶ τὸ ὑποζύγιόν σου, καὶ πᾶν κτῆνός σου, 'your ox/cow, and your beast of burden/donkey/mule, and all your beasts of burden/cattle,' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

jumentum tuum,, 'your beast of burden,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:10, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy

וְגֵרְךָ֖֙ אֲשֶׁ֥֣ר בִּשְׁעָרֶֽ֔יךָ ׃‎, wə-ḡê-rə-ḵā ’ă-šer biš-‘ā-re-ḵā,, 'your stranger/sojourner who [is] within your gates' – WLC^[80]

καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ παροικῶν ἐν σοί., 'and the proselyte/convert the [one] sojourning among you.' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

et advena qui est intra portas tuas., 'and [the] stranger/foreigner/guest/newcomer who is within your gates.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:11, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy

אֶת־הַיָּם֙‎, ’eṯ- hay-yām, 'the sea' – WLC^[80]

καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν, 'and the sea' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

et mare,, 'and [the] sea,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

omitted – LXX^Swete[81]

Compare Deuteronomy 5:15 (an entirely different sentence in all witnesses, which supports Sabbath observance by reference to the Exodus rather than the Genesis creation narrative).

Exodus 20:11, see also Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy

עַל־כֵּ֗ן בֵּרַ֧ךְ יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־יֹ֥ום הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת‎, ‘al- kên, bê-raḵ Yah-weh ’eṯ- yō-wm haš-šab-bāṯ, 'Therefore, Yahweh blessed the Sabbath day' – WLC^[80].

The noun H7676 שַׁבָּת‎ shabbath "Sabbath" (Greek: G4521 σάββατον) is derived from, but independent of, the adjective H7637 שְׁבִיעִי‎ šə-ḇî-‘î "seventh" (Greek: G1442 ἕβδομος/ἕβδομη, see hebdo-) earlier in this verse. See Biblical Sabbath § Etymology.

διὰ τοῦτο εὐλόγησεν Κύριος τὴν ἡμέραν τὴν ἑβδόμην, 'Because of this, [the] Lord blessed the seventh day' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

idcirco benedixit Dominus diei sabbati,, 'therefore [the] Lord blessed [the] day of Sabbath,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:15 (an entirely different sentence in all witnesses, which supports Sabbath observance by reference to the Exodus rather than the Genesis creation narrative).

Exodus 20:12, see also Honour thy father and thy mother

ίνα ευ σοι γένηται, 'in order that good [things] should happen to you' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

omitted – WLC^[80] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:16 (where this phrase is identical in Greek witnesses, and not omitted in Hebrew and Latin witnesses, albeit phrased slightly differently from Greek).

Exodus 20:13–15, see also Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery and Thou shalt not steal

לֹ֥֖א תִּֿרְצָֽח׃ ס לֹ֖֣א תִּֿנְאָֽ֑ף׃ ס לֹ֣֖א תִּֿגְנֹֽ֔ב׃ ס‎, lō trə-ṣāḥ. s lō tnə-’āp̄. s lō tḡə-nōḇ. s, '[You] shall not murder. [You] shall not commit adultery. [You] shall not steal.' – MT^[90] WLC^[80] SP^[90]

לוא תנאף׃ ס לוא תרצח׃ ס לוא תִּֿגְנֹֽ֔ב׃ ס‎, wə-lō tnə-’āp̄. s wə-lō trə-ṣāḥ. s wə-lō tḡə-nōḇ. s, 'And [you] shall not commit adultery. And [you] shall not murder. And [you] shall not steal.' – Pap^Nash[90]

Οὐ μοιχεύσεις. Οὐ κλέψεις. Οὐ φονεύσεις., '[You] shall not commit adultery. [You] shall not steal. [You] shall not murder.' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83]

Οὐ φονεύσεις. Οὐ μοιχεύσεις. Οὐ κλέψεις., '[You] shall not murder. [You] shall not commit adultery. [You] shall not steal.' – ABP^[84]

The verb κλέπτω ("to steal") is at the root of modern English words such as kleptomania and kleptocracy.

Non occides. Non moechaberis. Non furtum facies., '[You] shall not kill/slay. [You] shall not commit adultery. [You] shall not commit theft.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Deuteronomy 5:17–19.

Exodus 20:16, see also Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְרֵעֲךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר׃ ס‎, lō-ṯa-‘ă-neh ḇə-rê-‘ă-ḵā šā-qer., 'You shall not answer/respond false/lying witness/evidence against your neighbour' – WLC^[80]

Οὐ ψευδομαρτυρήσεις κατὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου μαρτυρίαν ψευδῆ., 'You shall not witness falsely against your neighbour [as a] lying witness' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

Non loqueris contra proximum tuum falsum testimonium., '[You] do/shall not speak/declare false testimony against your neighbour.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:17, see also Thou shalt not covet

לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑ךָ לֹֽא־תַחְמֹ֞ד אֵ֣שֶׁת רֵעֶ֗ךָ‎, lō ṯaḥ-mōḏ bêṯ rê-‘e-ḵā; lō-ṯaḥ-mōḏ ’ê-šeṯ rê-‘e-ḵā,, 'You shall not covet the house of your neighbour. You shall not covet the wife of your neighbour' – WLC^[80]

Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον σου· οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ πλησίον σου οὔτε τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ, 'You shall not covet the woman/wife of your neighbour. You shall not covet the house of your neighbour, nor his field,' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83]

Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον σου· οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ πλησίον σου ουδέ τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ, 'You shall not covet the woman/wife of your neighbour. You shall not covet the house of your neighbour, nor his field,' – ABP^[84]

Non concupisces domum proximi tui, nec desiderabis uxorem ejus,, '[You] shall not covet [the] house of your neighbour, nor shall [you] desire his wife,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

concupīscō is derived from (con)cupiō ("I desire"), the origin of the English verb "to covet" and the name of the Roman god Cupid.

Exodus 20:17, see also Thou shalt not covet

ούτε παντός κτήνους αυτού, 'nor any of his cattle/beasts [of burden]' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

omitted – WLC^[80] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:18

וְכָל־‎, wə-ḵāl, 'And all' – WLC^[80]

Καὶ πᾶς, 'And all' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83]

πας, 'All' – ABP^[84]

Cunctus autem, 'But/and all' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:18

הַקֹּולֹ֜ת וְאֶת־הַלַּפִּידִ֗ם‎, haq-qō-w-lōṯ ’eṯ-hal-lap-pî-ḏim,, 'the voices/sounds/noises/thunders and the torches' – WLC^[80]

την φωνήν και τας λαμπάδας, 'the voice/sound and the torches/lamps/lanterns' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]. φωνή and λᾰμπᾰ́ς are the origins of the English words phone and lamp respectively.

voces et lampades, '(the) voices and (the) torches/lamps/lanterns' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}. vōx is the root of the English word voice.

Compare Exodus 19:16^[75]

Exodus 20:19

פֶּן־‎, pen-, 'lest/or' – WLC^[80]

μὴ, 'not' – LXX^Swete[81] Brenton^[83]

μήποτε, 'lest/otherwise' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] ABP^[84]

ne forte, 'lest' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:20

Μωσῆς, 'Moses' – LXX^Swete[81]

Μωυσῆς, 'Moses' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83] ABP^[84]

Exodus 20:21

ἱστήκει δὲ ὁ λαὸς, 'And the people stood' – LXX^Swete[81]

εἱστήκει δὲ ὁ λαὸς, 'And the people stood' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[83]

εἱστήκει δὲ πας ὁ λαὸς, 'And all the people stood' – ABP^[84]

Exodus 20:23

תעשון‎, ṯa-‘ă-śūn, '[you] have made or [you] shall make' – MT^[91] WLC^[80]

תעשו‎, ta-asú, '[you] have made' – SP^[91]

Exodus 20:23

אִתִּ֑י...לָכֶֽם׃‎, ’it-tî...lā-ḵem., 'against me... for yourselves.' – WLC^[80]

ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς...ὑμῖν ἑαυτοῖς, 'to you to/for yourselves...to you to/for each other' – LXX^Swete[81]

ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς...ὑμῖν αυτοῖς, 'to you to/for yourselves...to you to/for yourselves' – Brenton^[92]

εαυτοίς...υμίν αυτοίς, 'for each other...to you to/for yourselves' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] ABP^[84]

[omitted]....vobis, 'to/for you' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Exodus 20:26

אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְךָ֖‎, ’ă-šer lō- ṯig-gā-leh ‘er-wā-ṯə-ḵā, 'so (that) your nakedness may not be uncovered' – WLC^[80]

ὅπως ἂν μὴ ἀποκαλύψῃς τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην σου, 'so that [you] should/will not uncover/reveal your nakedness/indecency/shame' – LXX^Swete[81] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[93] ABP^[84]

ἀποκαλύψῃς is likely a misspelling of the verb ἀποκαλύψεις. The noun αποκάλυψη is the root of words such as apocalypse, apocalyptic and apocalypticism.

ne reveletur turpitudo tua., 'lest your unsightliness/indecency/shame should be revealed.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[85]}

Compare Leviticus 18.

Exodus 21:17 (LXX 21:16)

וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמֹּ֖ו מֹ֥ות יוּמָֽת׃ ס‎, ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, 'And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death.' – MT

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ τελευτήσει θανάτῳ., 'He that speaks evil of his father or his mother must end in death.' – LXX^Swete Brenton^[93]

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ θανάτῳ τελευτάτω., 'He that speaks evil of his father or his mother in death let him end.' – ABP

Qui maledixerit patri suo, vel matri, morte moriatur., 'Who[ever] speaks evil of his father, or mother, let [him] die by death.' – Vg^Clement[94] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[95]}

Compare New Testament quotation:

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα θανάτῳ τελευτάτω., 'He that speaks evil of father or mother in death let him end.' – Mark 7:10

Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.

Exodus 34:11

אֶת־הָאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְהַחִתִּי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃‎, ’eṯ- hā-’ĕ-mō-rî wə-hak-kə-na-‘ă-nî, wə-ha-ḥit-tî wə-hap-pə-riz-zî, wə-ha-ḥiw-wî wə-hay-ḇū-sî., 'the Amorite and the Canaanite and the Hittite and the Perizzite and the Hivite and the Jebusite.' – WLC^[96]

τὸν Ἀμορραῖον καὶ Χαναναῖον καὶ Φερεζαῖον καὶ Χετταῖον καὶ Εὑαῖον καὶ Γεργεσαῖον καὶ Ἰεβουσαῖον·, 'the Amorite and Canaanite and Perizzite and Hittite and Hivite and Gergesite and Jebusite;' – LXX^Swete[97]

τὸν Αμορραῖον καὶ Χαναναῖον καὶ Χετταῖον καὶ Φερεζαῖον καὶ Ευαῖον καὶ Γεργεσαῖον καὶ Ιεβουσαῖον·, 'the Amorite and Canaanite and Hittite and Perizzite and Hivite and Gergesite and Jebusite;' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[98]

τὸν Αμορραῖον καὶ τὸν Χαναναῖον καὶ τὸν Χετταῖον καὶ τὸν Φερεζαῖον καὶ τὸν Ευαῖον καὶ τὸν Γεργεσαῖον καὶ τὸν Ιεβουσαῖον·, 'the Amorite and the Canaanite and the Hittite and the Perizzite and the Hivite and the Gergesite and the Jebusite;' – ABP^[99]

Amorrhaeum, et Chananaeum, et Hethaeum, Pherezaeum quoque, et Hevaeum, et Jebusaeum., '[the] Amorite, and (the) Canaanite, and (the) Hittite, (the) Perizzite too, and (the) Hivite, and (the) Jebusite.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[100]}

Exodus 34:14, see also Thou shalt have no other gods before me

כִּ֛י לֹ֥א תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה לְאֵ֣ל אַחֵ֑ר כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמֹ֔ו אֵ֥ל קַנָּ֖א הֽוּא׃‎, 'For you shall not worship any other god, for Yahweh, whose name [is] Jealous, is a jealous god.' – WLC^[96]

οὐ γὰρ μὴ προσκυνήσητε θεοῖς ἑτέροις· ὁ γὰρ Κύριος ὁ θεὸς ζηλωτὸν ὄνομα, θεὸς ζηλωτής ἐστι(ν)., 'For [you] should not revere other gods: for Lord the god [has?] [a] zealot-name, [the] god is [a] zealot. or for the Lord God, a jealous name, is a jealous God.^[98]' – LXX^Swete[97] Brenton^[98]

οὐ γὰρ μὴ προσκυνήσητε θεῷ ἑτέρῳ· ὁ γὰρ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ζηλωτὸν ὄνομα, θεὸς ζηλωτής ἐστι(ν)., 'For [you] should not revere another god: for lord the god [has?] [a] zealot-name, [the] god is [a] zealot or for lord the god [has] [the] name "zealot", the god is [a] zealot.' – LXX^Rahlfs[82] ABP^[99]

noli adorare deum alienum. Dominus zelotes nomen ejus; Deus est aemulator., 'Do not adore alien/foreign/strange gods. Lord zealot [is] his name; God is (an) emulator/rival.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[100]}

Compare Exodus 20:3 and Deuteronomy 5:7,9.

Exodus 34:17, see also Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image

אֱלֹהֵ֥י מַסֵּכָ֖ה לֹ֥א תַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽךְ׃‎, ’ĕ-lō-hê mas-sê-ḵāh lō ṯa-‘ă-śeh- lāḵ., '[You] shall not make molten gods to/for you(rself).' – WLC^[96]

καὶ θεοὺς χωνευτοὺς οὐ ποιήσεις σεαυτῷ., 'And you shall not make molten gods to/for yourself.' – LXX^Swete[97] LXX^Rahlfs[82] Brenton^[98] ABP^[99]

Deos conflatiles non facies tibi., 'You shall not make cast/molten gods to/for you.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[100]}

Compare Exodus 20:5 and Deuteronomy 5:8.

Leviticus 18:4

תִּשְׁמְר֖וּ לָלֶ֣כֶת‎, tiš-mə-rū lā-le-ḵeṯ, '[you] shall keep to walk' – WLC^[101]

φυλάξεσθε πορεύεσθαι, '[you] shall keep [you] shall walk' – LXX^Swete[102] LXX^Rahlfs[103]

φυλάξεσθε, καὶ πορεύεσθαι, '[you] shall keep, and [you] shall walk' – Brenton^[104] ABP^[105]

et ambula[biti]s, 'and [you] shall walk' – OL^L[106] OL^W[106]

servabitis, et ambulabitis, '[you] shall serve, and [you] shall walk' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado}.^[107]

The verb servāre is the root of the word service; the verb ambulāre is the root of the word ambulance.

Leviticus 18:5

אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וָחַ֣י בָּהֶ֑ם‎, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥay bā-hem, '(because) if a man does [them,] (then/and/that) he shall live by them.' – WLC^[101]

אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וחיה בָּהֶ֑ם‎, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥā-yāh bā-hem, '(because) if a man does [them,] (then/and/that) she shall live by them.' – SP^[108]

Compare Exodus 1:16 (last verb). It is unclear whether the verb(s) used for "to live" is/are H2421 חָיָה‎ chayah or H2421 חָיַי‎ chayay.

ἃ ποιήσας ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which [a] man doing shall live by them;' – LXX^Swete[102] LXX^Rahlfs[103]

ἃ ποιήσας αυτά άνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which [a] man doing them shall live by them;' – Brenton^[104] ABP^[105]

qui ea fecerit, 'who shall have done them' – OL^W[106]

quae facie