Pōmare II

Names
	Tū Tūnuiʻēʻaiteatua Pōmare II

Pōmare II
Pōmare II
King of Tahiti
Reign	13 February 1791 – 7 December 1821
Coronation	13 February 1791
Predecessor	Pōmare I
Successor	Pōmare III
Regent	Pōmare I
Born	c. 1782
Died	7 December 1821; Motu Uta, Papeete, Tahiti
Burial	Pōmare Royal Cemetery, Papaʻoa, ʻArue
Spouse	Tetuanui Tarovahine; Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe; Teriʻitariʻa Ariʻipaea Vahine
Issue	Pōmare IV; Teinaiti; Pōmare III
Names
Names
	Tū Tūnuiʻēʻaiteatua Pōmare II
House	House of Pōmare
Father	Pōmare I
Mother	Tetua-nui-reia-i-te-ra'i-atea
Religion	Tahitian; later Reformed

Pōmare II (c. 1782 – 7 December 1821) (fully Tu Tunuieaiteatua Pōmare II or in modern orthography Tū Tū-nui-ʻēʻa-i-te-atua Pōmare II; historically misspelled as Tu Tunuiea'aite-a-tua), was the second king of Tahiti between 1791 and 1821. He was installed by his father Pōmare I at Tarahoi, 13 February 1791. He ruled under regency from 1791 to 1803.^{[citation needed]}

Tu Nui, majestic sovereign and transcendent deity

According to the writings of English missionary in 1799, Pōmare II's title was "Otoo.noo.ey te Ātoo'ā" (O Tu nui ai te Atua). He was revered as a divine figure. His celestial residence was known as "Yow Rye" ('A'o Ra'i, meaning "clouds of heaven"), and his double canoe was called "Ān'ooānooā" (Anuanua, or "rainbow"). His manner of riding on the shoulders of an attendant was known as Māh'owtā (Mahuta, meaning "flying". His torch, "Oowe'erā" (O Uira, or "lightning"), and the drum "Pāte'ere" (Patiri, or "thunder"), which was frequently played for his amusement, further emphasized his embodiment of elemental forces.^[2] According to their writings in 1806, Pōmare II had different names in various districts. In Pare, he was called "Tunu-e-ae-tɛ-tua" (Tu nui ai te atua); in Faaʻa, "Tʻ-Ɛree vaɛ.ɛ.tua" (Te ariʻi vae atua); in Atehuru, "Tɛ-vahe-atua" (Te vahi atua); in Taiarapu, "Tʻ-Ɛree-navahoroa" (Te ariʻi na vaho roa); and in Eimeo (Moʻorea), "Punua-tɛ-rae-ɛ-tua" (Punua te raʻi atua). These names, given to the king, signified his authority as one invested with the power that traditionally belonged to the various chiefs presiding over different districts and were used on special occasions.^[3]

Life

Initially recognised as supreme sovereign and Ariʻi-maro-ʻura by the ruler of Huahine, he was subsequently forced from Tahiti and took refuge in Moʻorea on 22 December 1808, but returned and defeated his enemies at the Battle of Te Feipī, on 11 November 1815.^[4]^[5]^{[note 1]} He was thereafter recognised as undisputed king (Te Ariʻi-nui-o-Tahiti) of Tahiti, Moʻorea and its dependencies.

On 15 November 1815, he proclaimed himself King of Tahiti and Moʻorea in the name of the Christian God.^[8]^[9]

Pōmare II extended his realm to land outside of the Society Islands. He inherited his father's dominion over the Tuamotus and settled many conflicts between the disparate local chieftains in 1817 and 1821. However, his family's rule only extended to the eastern and central portions of the Tuamotus archipelago. In 1819, the king took nominal possession of Raivavae and Tubuai in the Austral Islands, although control was relegated to the local chiefs.^[10]^[11]

Conversion to Christianity

Pomare II believed that he lost favour with the god 'Oro, and, aided by the missionary Henry Nott, he began paying more attention to the God of the Christians.

He was baptised on 16 May 1819 at the Royal Chapel, Papeʻete – Christianity and the support of English missionaries aided the centralisation of monarchic power.

Three London Missionary Society missionaries, Henry Bicknell, William Henry, and Charles Wilson preached at the baptism of King Pōmare II. Afterwards, "Henry Bicknell stood on the steps of the pulpit, took water from a basin held by William Henry, and poured it" on King Pōmare's head.^[12]

Today a majority of 54% of the French Polynesian population belongs to various Protestant churches, especially the Maohi Protestant Church which is the largest and accounts for more than 50% of the population.^[13] It traces its origins to Pomare II, the king of Tahiti, who converted from traditional beliefs to the Reformed tradition brought to the islands by the London Missionary Society.

Family

Pōmare II was married first before March 1797 (betrothed January 1792) to his double first cousin Tetua-nui Taro-vahine, Ariʻi of Vaiari (now Papeari), who died at ʻArue, on 21 July 1806. Around 1809, he married two sisters: Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe and Teriʻitariʻa who were daughters of Tamatoa III, Ariʻi Rahi of Raiatea.^[14]

With his second wife Teriʻitoʻoterai Teremoemoe, he had three children:^[14]^[1]

ʻAimata (28 February 1813 – 17 September 1877), who ruled as Pōmare IV
Teinaiti (21 November 1817^[15] – 20 March 1818), who died young
Teriʻitariʻa (25 June 1820 – 8 January 1827), who ruled as Pōmare III

Death

Pōmare died of alcohol-related causes at Motu Uta, Papeete, Tahiti on 7 December 1821.^[16]^[17]

He was succeeded by his son Pōmare III, who reigned 1821–1827.^[18]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Pōmare II

8. Tu-moe-hania

4. Teu Tunuieaite Atua

9. Tetua-huria

2. Pōmare I

10. Tamatoa III

5. Tetupaia-i-Hauiri

11. Mai-he’a

1. Pōmare II

12. Teri’i-Vaetua-i-Ahura’i

6. Teihotu-i-Ahura’i

13. Airoro-ana’a-i-Farepu’a

3. Tetua-nui-reia-i-te-raʻi-atea

14. Punua Teraitua-i-Nu’urua

7. Vave’a Tetua-nui-rei-a-ite Ra’iatea

15. Fetefete-te-ui

Notes

^ Te Feipī translates as "the Ripe Plantain" in Tahitian.^[6] The British missionaries recorded that the Battle of Te Feipī occurred on the Sabbath 12 November 1815. However, the local Tahitian calendar was one day ahead of the rest of the world and was not corrected until 1848.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b Henry & Orsmond 1928, p. 249.
^ Jefferson 1799, https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2712750175. Entry on May 28, 1799.
^ Davies, Youl & al. 1806, https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2713328793. Entry on May 24, 1806.
^ Sissons 2014, pp. 48–52.
^ 1815 – La bataille de Fei Pi. Histoire de l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française
^ Adams 1901, p. 158.
^ Newbury 1980, pp. 37, 124.
^ Kirk 2012, p. 51.
^ Layton 2015, p. 131.
^ Gonschor 2008, pp. 39–42.
^ Kirk 2012, pp. 158–159.
^ The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle, vol. 28.
^ "126th Maohi Protestant Church Synod to last one week". Tahitipresse. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Teissier 1978, pp. 50–54.
^ The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle. 1818. p. 545.
^ Ellis 1831c, pp. 257–258.
^ Pichevin 2013, p. 153.
^ Ellis 1831c, pp. 260–263.

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Orsmond, John Muggridge; Smith, S. Percy (1893). "The Genealogy of the Pomare Family of Tahiti, from the Papers of the Rev. J. M. Orsmond. With Notes Thereon by S. Percy Smith". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 2 (1). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 25–43. ISSN 0032-4000. JSTOR 20701269. OCLC 9973508189.

Perkins, Edward T. (1854). Na Motu, or, Reef-Rovings in the South Seas: a Narrative of Adventures at the Hawaiian, Georgian and Society Islands. New York: Pudney & Russell. ISBN 9785870949536. OCLC 947055236. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Phillip, Arthur (1789). The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay. London: John Stockdale. pp. 230–243. OCLC 758727395.
Pichevin, Bernard (2010). "E parau no te tupuna o te mau arii no Raiatea". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (318). Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes.
Pichevin, Bernard (2013). Généalogies et Histoire de Tahiti et des îles de la Société (in French). Pirae: Au vent des îles. ISBN 978-2-36734-008-1. OCLC 877916677.
Pōmare II (July 1812). "Translation of a Letter from Pomarre, King of Otaheite, to the Rev. W. Henry, one of the Missionaries who had long resided on that Island, and who has, with several others, lately returned to it". The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle. London: Williams and Son. pp. 281–282. OCLC 682032291.
Pōmare II (1819). "Translation Of A Letter From Pomare, King of Otaheite, &c. To Mr. John Eyre, At Paramatta". The American Baptist Magazine, and Missionary Intelligencer. Vol. 2. Boston: James Loring, and Lincoln & Edmands. pp. 69–70. OCLC 1047669001.
Pritchard, George (1983). The Aggressions of the French at Tahiti: And Other Islands in the Pacific. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-647994-1. OCLC 10470657.
Pritchard, George (1878). Queen Pomare and Her Country. London: Elliot Stock. OCLC 663667911.

Religious Tract Society (Great Britain) (1835). Missionary records. Tahiti and Society Islands (2nd ed.). London: The Religious Tract Society, instituted 1799. pp. 315–316. OCLC 428431716.
Rey-Lescure, Philippe (1946). "La coutume du Tavau : le Tavau à Moorea et aux îles sous le vent". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (76). Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes: 196–205.
Rey-Lescure, Philippe (1948a). "Documents pour servir à l'histoire de Tahiti : Séjour de Pomare II aux îles sous le vent du 3 septembre 1814 au 2 décembre 1814. Incident du navire Mathilda (document non daté ni signé)". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (82). Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes: 418–422.
Rey-Lescure, Philippe (1948b). "Documents pour servir à l'histoire de Tahiti". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (83). Le séjour forcé de 3 mois de Pomare II aux îles sous le vent jusqu'au retour à Mo'orea le 2 décembre 1814 (incident navire Matilda emporté par le vent le 3 septembre 1814). L'allégeance des îles sous le vent, puis de Raivavae à Pomare II. L'allégeance renouvelée des ISLV à Pomare IV en 1830. L'imposition d'une restriction sur le commerce du porc par Pomare II aux ISLV en 1821. Le conflit entre Tamatoa III poussé par les missionnaires et Pomare II à ce sujet en 1820. Le couronnement de Pomare III en 1824. Le conflit de Raiatea concernant l'île de Taha'a entre Tapoa II soutenu par Tefaaora II et Mai III, et Tamatoa III Tapa puis Tamatoa IV Moeore (26 mai 1831 - 3 avril 1832). Le pavillon de la reine Pomare IV source de conflits. Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes: 461–462.
Richards, Rhys (June 2005). "Manuscript XVII: Who Taught Pomare to Read? Unpublished Comments by a Missionary Surgeon on Tahiti in May 1807 to October 1810, and Journal Entries by an Able Seaman at Tahiti in 1811". The Journal of Pacific History. 40 (1). Canberra: Australian National University: 105–115. doi:10.1080/00223340500082467. JSTOR 25169732. OCLC 6015502414. S2CID 219625801.
Robineau, Claude (1984). Tradition et modernité aux îles de la Société / Livre 1, Du coprah à l'atome (PDF) (in French). Paris: ORSTOM. ISBN 2-7099-0686-4. OCLC 715748479.
Robineau, Claude (1985). Tradition et modernité aux îles de la Société/ Livre 2, Les racines (PDF) (in French). Paris: ORSTOM. ISBN 2-7099-0687-2. OCLC 30534343.

Salmon, Alexandre (1964). Alexandre Salmon (1820-1866) et sa femme Ariitaimai (1821-1897) : deux figures de Tahiti à l'époque du Protectorat (in French). Paris: Société des Océanistes. doi:10.4000/books.sdo.777. ISBN 978-2-85430-089-5. OCLC 6014637505. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Salmon, Marau Taaroa (1971). Mémoires de Marau Taaroa, dernière reine de Tahiti (in French). Translated by Pomare, Ariimanihinihi Takau. Paris: Société des Océanistes. doi:10.4000/books.sdo.227. ISBN 978-2-85430-098-7. OCLC 6014637035.
Salmon, Tati (1904). The history of the island of Borabora and genealogy of our family from Marae Vaiotaha. FamilySearch International. OCLC 866022587.
Salmon, Tati (1923). Society Island notes, historical and genealogical. "Tati Salmon's Notes". FamilySearch International. OCLC 866048204.
Salmon, Tati (1951) [1904]. "L'histoire de Borabora et la généalogie de notre famille du marae Vaiotaha, par Tati Salmon". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (97). Translated by De Robillard, H. Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes: 315–330.
Salmond, Anne (2009). Aphrodite's Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26114-3. OCLC 317461764.
Saura, Bruno; Millaud, Hiriata; Daubard, Patrick Matari'i (2000). Histoire et traditions de Huahine et Pora Pora. Cahiers du patrimoine (in French and Tahitian). Vol. 1. The author of the original manuscript in tahitian dated 1846, is unknown. Papeete: Ministère de la Culture de Polynésie française. OCLC 492654325.
Saura, Bruno (2005). Huahine aux temps anciens. Cahiers du patrimoine (in French and Tahitian). Vol. 8. Papeete: Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine de la Polynésie française. ISBN 978-2-9124-0902-7. OCLC 493919438.
Saura, Bruno; Millaud, Hiriata (2003). La lignée royale des Tama-toa de Ra'iātea (Îles-sous-le-Vent). Cahiers du patrimoine (in French and Tahitian). Vol. 5. The author of the original manuscript in tahitian written in circa 1878, is unknown. Papeete: Ministère de la Culture de Polynésie française. OCLC 492882499.

Sissons, Jeffrey (November 2008). "Heroic History and Chiefly Chapels in 19th Century Tahiti". Oceania. 78 (3). Sydney: Wiley for Oceania Publications, University of Sydney: 320–331. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2008.tb00044.x. JSTOR 40495590. OCLC 5154119332.
Sissons, Jeffrey (November 2011). "History as Sacrifice: The Polynesian Iconoclasm". Oceania. 81 (3). Sydney: Wiley for Oceania Publications, University of Sydney: 302–315. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00110.x. JSTOR 23209537. OCLC 5156601630.
Sissons, Jeffrey (2014). The Polynesian Iconoclasm: Religious Revolution and the Seasonality of Power. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-414-4. JSTOR j.ctt9qcvw9. OCLC 885451227.
Smith, Thomas (1825). The History and Origin of the Missionary Societies, Etc. (Appendix.). London. OCLC 1063996422.
Stevenson, Karen; Rousseau, Cécile (1982). Artifacts of the Pomare Family. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Commons Gallery, Punaauia : Le musée de Tahiti et des îles, 1981. OCLC 490711845.
Stevenson, Karen (June 2014). "ʻAimata, Queen Pomare IV: Thwarting Adversity in Early 19th Century Tahiti". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 123 (2). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 129–144. doi:10.15286/jps.123.2.129-144. JSTOR 43286236. OCLC 906004458.
Stewart, Charles Samuel (1832). A Visit to the South Seas, in the U.S. Ship Vincennes, During the Years 1829 and 1830: With Notices of Brazil, Peru, Manilla, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena. Vol. 1. London: Fisher, Son, & Jackson. OCLC 1021222101.