The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is responsible for the ongoing HAL Tejas programme. The LCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The LCA programme has allowed DRDO to progress substantially in the fields of avionics, flight control systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures, along with aircraft design and development.[1]
The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the "Vetrivel" programme. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s.
The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programmes for its Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the system design and integration of these upgrades, which combine indigenously developed systems along with imported ones. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays.
HAL AMCA: Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the design and development of the fifth-generation aircraft. In 2015, 700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO.
Defence Laboratory Jodhpur in collaboration with High Energy Materials Research Laboratory developed an improved chaff material and chaff cartridge-118/I for the Indian Air Force to protect Indian military aircraft from radar jamming and deception.[2]
Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and equipment. These include both mandatory as well as other items.
Unmanned aerial vehicles
The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles – the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya (Target) Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).[3] The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with an improved all digital flight control system, and a better turbojet engine.[4] The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short-ranged UAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian Navy and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.
A scaled down model of TAPAS-BH-201 Model
The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAVs. These draw upon the experience gained via the Nishant programme, and will be substantially more capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations. The MALE UAV has been tentatively named the Rustom,[5] and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and weaponising UAVs.
A precursor project under active development to test various technologies for DRDO Ghatak and future unmannedwingman bomber program.[6]
Anti-drone warfare
The research report that advocated for indigenous development in 2012 laid the groundwork for laser-based defense. Under the DRDO, the program codename Sahastra Shakti emerged, first led by the Laser Science and Technology Center and then by the Center for High Energy Systems and Sciences. A 2 kW Mk1 version that is effective against small drones at a range of 1 km, was developed in 2024 as part of a series of enhancements. The Mk2 variant extended range to more than 2 km by combining six 2 kW lasers into a potent 12 kW directed-energy weapon. At 30 kW, the IDD&IS Mk2A is India's first actual high-powered DEW. With a 4-5 km range, it combines six 5 kW lasers. The DEW is installed on a truck for high mobility, and can target hostile sensors, drones, and helicopters. Within two years, the technologies in development will be field-ready after a series of trials. DRDO is currently developing 50–100 kW DEWs to combat artillery projectiles, aircraft, and cruise missiles. DEWs will eventually be miniaturized to fit into pods for use by space-based assets, naval systems, and airplanes.[7][8] In April 2025, 2 kW Mk1 version effectively destroyed a Chinese drone that the Pakistani Army was using close to the Line of Control.[9]
IDD&IS has the ability to destroy airborne targets, spoof drone navigation, and jam signals. As of 2025, the 2 kW Mk1 version has been widely used around border areas. A 20 km range, 300 kW IDD&IS codenamed Surya is being developed by DRDO to defend against fast-moving incoming missiles and UAVs.[8][10] DRDO is also working on a number of DEWs which include electromagnetic pulses and high intensity microwaves to reach Star Wars capability.[11]
D-4 System (D4S)
Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) as part of anti-drone warfare developed D-4 which uses data fusion coming from multiple sensors for drone detection and is equipped with dual countermeasure techniques. D-4 has a 360° radar coverage for detecting micro drones within a range of 4 km, a radio frequency (RF) detector to check RF communications in 3 km range and an electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) sensor for visual identification within 2 km range. The RF and EO/IR sensor works in tandem for confirmation and verification of the target. This activates the first stage of countermeasure through RF/GNSS jammer to counter the incoming communication signals. It is part of the soft-kill framework. For second stage of countermeasure, D-4 comes equipped with a laser of range 150 m to 1 km which goes for the hard-kill. D-4 already demonstrated its capabilities to National Security Guard (NSG) and Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2020–21. It was first deployed during 2020 and again on 2021 Republic Day around New Delhi.[12][13] For 15 August celebration in 2021, D-4 system was deployed as part of counter drone strategy around Red Fort.[14]
DRDO has already transferred the technology to Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for mass production and is now considering it for private sector industries.[13] On 31 August 2021, Indian Armed Forces signed deal with BEL to acquire static and road mobile D4S to enhance anti-drone capabilities.[15] The commercial sector has already begun producing D4S, and it has been effectively used in military operations, such as Operation Sindoor.[16]
Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System
The successful demonstration of an IDD&IS Mk2A, a 30 kWdirected-energy weapon at the National Open Air Range in Kurnool was announced by DRDO on 13 April 2025. Drones, missiles, and smaller projectiles can all be rendered inoperable by the technology. By attacking the fixed wing drones at a considerable distance, preventing drone swarm attacks, and eliminating hostile surveillance sensors and antennae, IDD&IS Mk2A displayed its full range of capabilities. IDD&IS Mk2A engages targets with a powerful laser beam to pierce them when they are recognized by radar or integrated electro-optical sensors. If the warhead is engaged, the effect is more devastating with structural destruction. It was developed by Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences, in collaboration with Electronics and Radar Development Establishment, Instruments Research and Development Establishment, Defence Electronics Research Laboratory, academic institutions, and Indian industries.[17][18] In 2025, IDD&IS Mk2A is going into production and deployment on military platforms.
The IDD&IS Mk2A incorporates a 360° EO/IR sensor for targeting and electronic warfare capabilities to jam satellite and communication signals. IDD&IS Mk2A can be modified for use on naval platforms or installed on ground-based systems. It offers versatility across terrains and operational theaters and can be quickly deployed by air, rail, road, or sea.[8]
Under development
Drone detection and tracking system
Due to constant threat of UAV attacks, Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE) is working on a new electro-optical drone detection system. The project is independent of what other DRDO labs are doing in anti-drone warfare domain especially the recently launched D-4 from LRDE. The IRDE system will be able to detect 4 feet long UAV flying at about 300 kmph from a distance of 3 km and a drone having a size of about 1 foot and flying at about 70 kmph from a distance of 2 km. The system will integrate thermographic camera, high-resolution video cameras, laser illuminators and laser range finders to detect and track rogue drones through electromagnetic and radio emission, reflection of microwave, infrared and visible light.
Since standalone systems and conventional air defense measures are insufficient to engage smaller drones, DRDO is planning to strengthen and build a web of network which will include multiple newly developed systems connected with the national airspace surveillance radars acting in unison for detecting, identifying, tracking and deploying anti-drone countermeasures such as soft or hard kill in case of emergency.[19]
DRDO has been responsible for the indigenisation of key defence stores and equipment. DRDO has assisted Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and the IAF with the indigenisation of spares and assemblies for several aircraft. DRDO laboratories have worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and even ISRO over projects required for the Indian Air Force and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure is also utilised by other research organisations in India. In the first ever initiative of its kind, DRDO has provided its patented Copper-Titanium (CuTi) alloy technology for commercial exploitation to a start-up company. The agreement between DRDO and Pahwa Metal Tech Pvt Ltd was signed on the sidelines of the Start Up India event at Delhi.[22]
Armaments
DRDO cooperates with the state-owned Public Sector Undertakings for producing its items. These have led to issues of marginal quality control for some items, and time-consuming rectification. Whilst these are common to the introduction of most new weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the requisite schedule and quality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of modernisation. The DRDO has played a vital role in the development of this ability since the role of private organisations in the development of small arms and similar items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been adopted by the Indian Army as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service. There have been issues with rifle quality in use under extreme conditions in the heat, with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with higher grade material and strengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner.[23] In the meantime, the rifle has found favour throughout the army and has been ordered in number by other paramilitary units and police forces.[24][25]
In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with more state funding coming its way, to the tune of US$400 million invested during 2002–07.[26] The organisation hopes that this will allow it to modernise its infrastructure; it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 rifles.[27]
The lightest bulletproof vest designed to withstand 7.62×54mmR API (level 6 of BIS 17051) ammunition has been created by DMSRDE. It passed the BIS 17051-2018 standard testing at Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory. One of the jacket's most notable features is the front Hard Armour Panel (HAP), which can survive multiple impacts (up to six shots) with 7.62 x 54 R API (Sniper rounds) in both ICW (in conjunction with) and standalone designs. Its monolithic ceramic plate front HAP, with polymer backing, is ergonomically designed. In addition to improving wearability and comfort during operations, this guarantees optimal protection. ICW hard armour panels (HAPs) and standalone HAPs have respective areal densities of less than 40 kg/m2 and 43 kg/m2.[30]
ABHED jackets
DRDO Industry Academia Centre of Excellence at IIT Delhi has developed two varieties of ABHED (Advanced Ballistics for High Energy Defeat) bulletproof jackets. They are lighter than the Army's maximum weight requirement and are able to mitigate the highest threat levels. Polymers and boron carbide were used to make these jackets. The design configuration is based on the characterization of several materials at high strain rates, followed by appropriate modelling and simulation. The protocols have been followed, and the armour plates for the jackets have successfully completed all development trials. Modular configurations and 360-degree protection with a 3,400 square centimeters total protection area are the standout features of these jackets. It is made up of rigid Hard Armour Panels, flexible Soft Armour Panels, and an ergonomic carrier for security personnel to hold both panels. The 8 kg BIS level 5 jackets offer defense against 7.62×51mm NATO rounds as well as armor-piercing and Mild Steel Core bullets. BIS level 6 jackets, weighing 9.3 kg, offer protection against sniper shots with less than 25 mm, as well as against 7.62×39mm.[31][32]
Clothing
Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) developed triple layer modular extreme weather waterproof clothing for the Indian Armed Forces weighing under 4.5 kg. The insulation can provide body protection up to minus 50 degree Celsius at 30,000 feet with around wind velocity of 60 km per hour preventing hypothermia and minimising the risks of frostbite.[33]
Small arms
The INSAS weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian Army and paramilitary units. Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced in 1998.[34] It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the Royal Army of Oman.
In 2010, DRDO completed the development of Oleo-resin plastic hand grenades as a less lethal way to control rioters, better tear gas shells and short-range laser dazzlers.
ARDE and private sector partner Dvipa Armour India collaborated to produce Ugram, a battle rifle of 7.62x51mm calibre. Weighs less than 4 kg, the maximum length of the rifle is 1,000 mm and has an effective range of 500 meters. It has a 20-round magazine and can fire 600 rounds per minute in single and full auto modes. The gas-operatedrotating bolt rifle has the option of having iron and reflex sights. Its upper and lower bodies are machined and has rivet-free construction with adjustable telescopic butt.[35][36]
DRDO has developed an indigenous 84 mm calibre, 7 kg lightweight recoilless reusable ATGM launcher for the Indian army which will replace the 14 kg Carl Gustav Mark-II launcher. The DRDO has made extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight.[37]
Explosives
Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)
A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and perfected for field detection of traces of explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction, based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It is used for identification of all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used by Police and BSF for the detection of explosives.
Explosive Detection Kit (EDK)
In what has been termed a "reverse technology transfer",[38] the Explosive Detection Kit widely used in India by bomb detection squads and the armed forces since 2002, would be manufactured and sold in the US. The kit uses reagents to detect various chemicals present in explosives.[39]
A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard explosives of the armed forces such as RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and Amorphous Boron. Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) have already synthesized an adequate quantity of the new explosive CL-20, in their laboratory. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in HEMRL using inverse technology. CL-20 is a Nitroamine class of explosive which is 20% more powerful than HMX which itself is more than potent RDX. CL-20-based shaped charges significantly improve the penetration of armour and could potentially be used in projectiles for the 120-mm Arjun tank main gun. The CL-20, due to its reduced sensitivity, enables easy handling and transportation which reduces the chances of mishap and loss of men, money, materials and machines.[42]
Artillery systems and ammunition
Pinaka rocket tested on 4 November 2020
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher: This system has seen significant success. This system saw the DRDO cooperate extensively with the privately owned industrial sector in India. As of 2016, the Pinaka Mk1 system, with rockets of up to 40 km striking distance, has been successfully inducted in the Indian Army, with two regiments in service and two more on order. The Pinaka Mk2 program with rockets of up to 60 km in range, has cleared trials and has been recommended for induction as well.
A new long-range tactical rocket system is being developed, referred to as the Prahaar (with the name meaning "Strike", in Hindi) program, while an exportable derivative named Pragati ("Progress" in Hindi) was displayed in a South Korean arms fair. The DRDO's project has fielded a long-range tactical strike system, deriving from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop a long-range system able to strike at a range of 100–120 km, with each rocket in the system, having a payload of up to 250 kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a maximum speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40 km, before hitting its target at 1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a sophisticated new inertial guidance system on the rockets whilst keeping cost constraints in mind. The DRDO has evaluated the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and its technology, for use with the Pinaka, and a further development of the system could presumably be used with the new MBRL as well.[43]
DRDO's ARDE developed 81 mm and the,[44] 120 mm illuminating bombs[45] and 105 mm illuminating shells[46] for the Indian Army's infantry and Artillery.
A 51 mm Lightweight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man portable weapon, the 51 mm mortar achieves double the range of 2-inch (51 mm) mortar without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre fragmentation technology to achieve improved lethality. Besides HE, a family of ammunition consisting of smoke, illuminating and practice bombs has also been developed.[47] The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.[48]
Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with artillery shells for "air bursts" against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft and anti-missile roles as well.[47]
Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81 mm mortar used by the infantry, a mortar training device for the 120 mm mortar used by the artillery, and a 0.50-inch (13 mm) sub-calibre training device for 105 mm Vijayanta tank gun.[47]
The Indian Field Gun, a 105 mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army and is in production.[49] This was a significant challenge for the OFB, and various issues were faced with its manufacture including reliability issues and metallurgical problems. These were rectified over time.
Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short-range anti-submarine rockets (with HE and practice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine which can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDO also designed short- and medium-range ECM rockets which deploy chaff to decoy away anti-ship homing missiles. In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in (76.2 mm) PFHE shell, pre-fragmented and with a proximity fuse,[50] for use against anti-ship missiles and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are in production.[47][51]
For the Indian Air Force, DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze systems for the 450 kg bomb used by strike aircraft, 68 mm "Arrow" rockets (HE, Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air-to-ground and even air-to-air (if need be), a 450 kg high-speed, low-drag (HSLD) bomb and practice bombs (which mimic different projectiles with the addition of suitable drag plates) and escape aid cartridges for Air Force aircraft. All these items are in production.[47][51]
Tank armament
DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank's 120 mm rifled main gun and is presently engaged in the development of the armament for the Future IFV, the "Abhay". The DRDO is also a member of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO also upgraded the Vijayanta medium tank with new fire control computers.
Electronics and computer sciences
Electronic warfare
ECM stations for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. The Indian Army has ordered its Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and development stage, along with the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is substantial – it comprises COMINT and Electronic intelligence stations which can monitor and jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In contrast to other such systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can perform the most critical battlefield EW tasks in both COM and Non-COM roles. The system will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and capability in the Army. Its individual modules can also be operated independently.[52] A follow on system known as Sauhard is under development.
The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and the Sujav ESM system meant for high accuracy direction finding and jamming of communication transceivers.[53]
Radar warning receivers for the Indian Air Force of the Tarang series. These have been selected to upgrade most of the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as for the MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG-27 and Jaguar as well as self-protection upgrades for the transport fleet.
The Tranquil RWR for MiG-23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and the Tempest jamming system for the Air Force's MiG's. The latest variant of the Tempest jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well as deception jamming as it makes use of DRFM. The DRDO has also developed a High Accuracy Direction Finding system (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable of supersonic carriage.[55] This HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used by the Su-30 MKI for SEAD.
DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest Radar warning receiver for the Indian Air Force, the R118, had gone into production. The R118 can also fuse data from different sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warning systems and present the unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted that its new Radar Warner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced stage of development and would be submitted for trials. The RWJ is capable of detecting all foreseen threats and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.
Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint venture by the DRDO and EADS) which leverages EADS hardware and DRDO software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter and fighter fleets. DRDO also has laser warning systems available.
A DIRCM (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass DIRCM system intended to protect aircraft from infrared guided weapons.
The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with the Indian Air Force's Signals Intelligence Directorate, under the name of "Divya Drishti" (Divine Sight). Divya Drishti will field a range of static as well as mobile ESM stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets for mission analysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of radio frequency emissions like radar, navigational, communication or electronic countermeasure signals. The various components of the project will be networked via SATCOM links.
Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included the COIN A and COIN B SIGINT stations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing 737s and Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar Fingerprinting System for the IAF and the Navy.
Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for the AEW&C project. The Indian Air Force's AEW&C systems will also include a comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as well as conducting Communications Intelligence.
The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been substantial progress in India's ability to design and manufacture high power radar systems with locally sourced components and systems. This began with the development of short-range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high power 3D systems like LRTR intended for strategic purposes. Several other projects span the gamut of radar applications, from airborne surveillance (AEW&C) to firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). A list of the tactical programs is as follows:
Army
Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile Weapon System (Rajendra & 3D CAR respectively). In production.
Low Level Light weight 2D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani). In production.
Low Level Light weight 3D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani Mk2). In production.
3D Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (3D TCR). In production.
4D Active Aperture Array Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (4D TCR). In development.
Short Range Battle Field Surveillance Radar (2D BFSR-SR). In production.
Weapon Locating Radar (3D WLR). In production.
3D Atulya ADFCR (Air Defense Fire Control Radar). In development.
Multi Mission Radar (MMSR). Project cancelled and subsumed into QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM) program.
FOPEN Radar. In development.
Through wall detection Radar. In development.
Ground Penetration Radar. In development.
Air Force
Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile Weapon System (Rajendra and 3D CAR respectively). In production.
Active Phased Array Radar for AEW&C. In production.
Low level 2D Air Defence Radar (Indra-2). Production closed and items delivered.
3D Low Level Light Weight Radar (Aslesha). In production.
3D Low Level Light Weight Radar for Mountains (Aslesha Mk2). In development.
3D Medium Range Surveillance Radar for Air Defence (Rohini derivative of 3D CAR)
4D Active Array Medium Power radar for AD role (Arudhra). In production.
4D Active Array Low Level Transportable radar for AD role (Ashwini). In production.
4D Active Array High Power radar for AD role. In development.
4D Active Array for AWACS India project. In development.
3D Active Array Multi Function Radar for BMD role (MFCR). In production.
3D Active Array Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) for BMD role. In production.
4D Active Array Very Long Range Tracking radar for BMD role (VLRTR). In development.
Airborne Electronically Scanned Array Radar for Tejas Mark 1A and Tejas Mk2 (Uttam). In development.
Ground Controlled interception
SAR for UAVs
Navy
Maritime Patrol Radar for fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft (superseded by a more advanced system, the XV-2004)
Maritime Patrol Radar with RS and ISAR (XV-2004)
3D Medium-Range Surveillance Radar for ASW Corvettes. In production.
Multifunction Phased Array Radar for Air Defence Ship. In development.
Maritime Patrol Airborne Radar for UAV. In development.
Coastal Surveillance Radar (CSR). In production.[56]
More details on the DRDO's productions as well as production-ready radar systems is as follows:
INDRA series of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the first high power radar developed by the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the Indian Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for the Indian Air Force, also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and track low flying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars that provide range and azimuth information and are meant to be used as gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC has pulse compression providing improved range resolution. The series is used both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army
Rajendra fire control radar at Adamya Chaitanya Exhibition 2016Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is stated to be ready. However, it can be expected that further iterative improvements will be made. The Rajendra is a high power Passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA), with the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs against aircraft flying at low to medium altitudes. The Rajendra has a detection range of 80 km with 18 km height coverage against small fighter-sized targets and is able to track 64 targets, engaging 4 simultaneously, with up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendra features a fully digital high-speed signal processing system with an adaptive moving target indicator, coherent signal processing, FFTs, and variable pulse repetition frequency. The entire PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degrees on a rotating platform. This allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even conduct all-round surveillance.
Central Acquisition Radar, a state of the art planar array S-band radar operating on the stacked beam principle. With a range of 180 km, it can track while scan 200 fighter-sized targets. Its systems are integrated on high mobility, locally built TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however, it is meant to be used by all three services. Initially developed for the long-running Akash SAM system, seven were ordered by the Indian Air Force for their radar modernisation program and two of another variants were ordered by the Indian Navy for their P-28 Corvettes. The CAR has been a significant success for radar development in India, with its state of the art signal processing hardware.[57][58] The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant while the REVATHI is the Indian Navy specific variant. The ROHINI has a more advanced Indian developed antenna in terms of power handling and beamforming technology while the REVATHI adds two-axis stabilisation for operation in naval conditions, as well as extra naval modes.Battlefield Surveillance Radar-Short Range (BFSR-SR) on display at Aero India-2007.
BFSR-SR, a 2D short-range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meant to be man-portable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the project was a systematic example of concurrent engineering, with the production agency involved through the design and development stage. This enabled the design to be brought into production quickly.[59][60] The radar continues to progress further in terms of integration, with newer variants being integrated with thermal imagers for visually tracking targets detected by the radar. Up to 10 BFSR-SR can be networked together for network-centric operation. It is in use with the Indian Army and the BSF as well as export customers.
Super Vision-2000, an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meant for helicopters and light transport aircraft. This program was subsequently superseded by the advanced XV-2004 which offered a more sophisticated architecture able to handle SAR and ISAR modes. The SV-2000 is a lightweight, high performance, slotted array radar operating in the X-Band. It can detect sea-surface targets such as a periscope or a vessel against heavy clutter and can also be used for navigation, weather mapping, and beacon detection. The radar can detect a large vessel at over 100 nautical miles (370 km). It is currently under modification to be fitted to the Advanced Light Helicopter and the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to the Navy's Ka-25's as well. A more advanced variant of the Super Vision, known as the XV-2004 is now in trials and features an ISAR, SAR Capability intended for the Indian Navy's helicopter fleet.
Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, a 3D AESA was developed with assistance from Elta of Israel and is similar to Elta's proven EL/M-2080 Green Pine long-range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processing and software for tracking high-speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced more ruggedisation. The radar uses mostly Indian designed and manufactured components such as its critical high power, L Band Transmit-Receive modules and other enabling technologies necessary for active phased array radars. The LRTR can track 200 targets and has a range of above 500 km. It can detect Intermediate-range ballistic missile. The LRTR would be amongst the key elements of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. DRDO would provide the technology to private and public manufacturers to make these high power systems.[61]
3D Multi-Function Control Radar (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian anti-ballistic missile program in cooperation with Thales of France. The MFCR is an active phased array radar and complements the Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also serve as the fire control radar for the AAD second-tier missile system of the ABM program. The AAD has a supplementary role against aircraft as well and can engage missiles and aircraft up to an altitude of 30 km. The MFCR fills out the final part of the DRDO's radar development spectrum and allows India to manufacture long-range 3D radars that can act as the nodes of an Air Defence Ground Environment system.
2D Low-Level Lightweight Radar (LLLWR) for the Indian Army, known as the Bharani, which requires many of these units for gap-filling in mountainous terrain and has been ordered into production after clearing Indian Army trials. The Indian Air Force will also acquire a more advanced unit, called the Aslesha. The LLLWR is a 2D radar with a range of 40 km against a 2 square meter target, intended as a gap-filler to plug detection gaps versus low-level aircraft in an integrated Air Defence Ground network. The LLLWR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely a similar antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a far more portable unit. The LLLWR can track while scan 100 targets and provide details about their speed, azimuth, and range to the operator. The LLLWR makes use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers are the same. Multiple LLLWRs can be networked together. The LLLWR is meant to detect low-level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence fire control units to cue their weapon systems.[62]
3D Short-Range Radar for the Indian Air Force – ASLESHA: The ASLESHA radars have a range of approximately 50 km against small fighter-sized targets and will be able to determine their range, speed, azimuth, and height. This radar will enable the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately track low-level intruders. The radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1-meter square aperture. The DRDO was in discussions with the Indian Navy to mount these systems on small ships.
Multi-mode radar, a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a subsystem provider. This project to develop an advanced, lightweight Multi-mode fire control radar for the LCA Tejas fighter had faced challenges and was delayed and finally superseded by a program called the Uttam to develop an AESA FCR for the Tejas LCA. The MMR program was finally completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance and became a hybrid system incorporating the original DRDO antenna, gimbal stabilisation, and Israeli backend. The multi-mode radar has the range (for detection of a small fighter target) around 100 km can track 10 targets, can engage 2 targets and uses the lightweight system. Originally, DRDO developed an all-new combined signal and the data processor had been developed, replacing the original separate units. The new unit is much more powerful and makes use of contemporary ADSP processors. The radar's critical hardware was also developed and validated. The software for the air-to-air mode has been developed considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look down modes) but air-to-ground modes were still being worked upon and proved problematic. The radar development was shown to be considerably more mature than previously thought but still faced significant delays and challenges. At Aero India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR project has been superseded by the new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR has been completed with Elta Israel's assistance and now involved EltaEL/M-2032 technology for Air-to-Ground mapping and targeting – in order to simplify testing, the Hybrid MMR basically became an Indian variant of the EL/M-2032 with an Indian antenna and gimbal system as Elta pointed out mixing and matching Indian hardware with Israeli software would, in essence, mean a new design with a significant time impact. The "hybrid" MMR has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial LCA Tejas fighters.
DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various other license-produced radars manufactured at BEL with the help of BEL scientists and other researchers. These improvements include new radar data processors for license-produced signal radars as well as local radar assemblies replacing the earlier imported ones.BEL Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018.
BEL Weapon Locating Radar: Swathi, a 3D radar developed from the Rajendra fire-control radar for the Akash system, uses a passive electronically scanned array to detect multiple targets for fire correction and weapon location. The system has been developed and demonstrated to the Army and orders have been placed[63] In terms of performance, the WLR is stated to be superior to the AN/TPQ-37, several of which were imported by India as an interim system while the WLR got ready. The Indian Army has ordered 28 of these units.
Ashwini: It is a quick-deployment, 4D low-level transportable radar, developed by LRDE, for the IAF.[64] The radar can detect 2 m² RCS targets up to 150km away, with an altitude coverage of 30m to 15km. Its range is 200 km. The radar has two modes of operation: rotation and gazing. When in rotation mode, the antenna rotates at 7.5/15 rpm, providing 360º azimuth and 40° elevation surveillance coverage. When operating in gazing mode, the antenna looks in a predetermined azimuth with a surveillance coverage of 40° in elevation and ±60º in azimuth. The radar includes time synchronisation of multiple receivers, 2D digital beamforming, digital beamforming-based active array calibration, multi-beam processing, and is based on solid-stateAESA technology.[65][66] With an integrated IFF system and advanced ECCM capabilities, LLTR can scan both elevation and azimuth electronically.[67] It uses open architecture for easy upgrades. LLTR can automatically detect and track aerial targets from fast fighter aircraft to slow moving UAVs and helicopters. On March 12, 2025, the MoD signed a capital acquisition deal with Bharat Electronics for 18 units of Ashwini radar, which will cost ₹2,906 crore.[68][69] The IAF will deploy the radar as a plug-in option to fill in the gaps in its early warning capabilities. The system will send the feed to the IACCS.[66]
3D Tactical Control Radar: a new program, the TCR is an approximately 90 km ranged system for use by the Indian Army. A highly mobile unit, it is a variant of the 3D CAR unit and packaged into 2 as verses 3 units. The Indian Army has ordered many of the types for its Air Defense Units.
Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under development or in trials, these include:
Active Phased Array radar: a 3D radar for fighters, an MMR follow on, the APAR project aims to field a fully-fledged operational AESA fire control radar for the expected Mark-2 version of the Light Combat Aircraft. This will be the second airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to replicate DRDO's success with the ground-based radar segment to airborne systems. The overall airborne APAR program aims to prevent this technology gap from developing, with a broad-based program to bring DRDO up to par with international developers in airborne systems, both fire control, and surveillance. As of 2016, the radar was still in development, with variants expected to be fielded on future IAF fighters like the MCA or Tejas advanced Marks.
Synthetic aperture radar & Inverse synthetic aperture radar: the DRDO's LRDE is currently working on both SAR and ISAR radars for target detection and classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for both conventional fixed wing as well as UAV applications.
Airborne Warning and Control: a new radar-based on active electronically scanned array technology. The aim of the project is to develop an in-house capability for high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering the development of an S-Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have data-links to link fighters plus communicate with the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a local SATCOM (satellite communication system), along with other onboard ESM and COMINT systems.[70] As of 2016, the system was in advanced trials and had achieved a TRL (Technical Readiness Level) of 8/10 with trials focusing on proving its self-protection equipment.
Medium-Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar: in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO) stated that it was working on a Long-range battlefield surveillance radar. It is possible that the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project and the Indian Army will utilise the BEL built ELTA designed BFSR-MR's for Medium-Range surveillance while using the LRDE designed systems for Long Range surveillance. The 2D radar was to track ground targets and provide key intelligence to the Indian Army's artillery units, with the resultant information available on various tactical networks. As of 2016, this project was not active.
3D Medium Power Radar: a spin-off of the experience gained via the 3D MFCR project, the 3D Medium Power Radar project is intended to field a radar with a range of approximately 300 km against small fighter-sized targets. Intended for the Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array, and will be transportable. It will play a significant role being used as part of the nodes of the Indian Air Force's enhanced Air Defence Ground Environment System. As of 2016, the radar was ready for IAF user trials and the IAF had ordered 8 MPRs already.
3D Army AD Fire Control Radar: A new program for the Indian Army, the Atulya FCR is intended to provide Army AD units with a compact fire control system for their armament. The Indian Army has a total requirement of over 60 FCRs.
3D Army Multi-Mission Radar: A new program for the Indian Army, the mobile compact radar system is expected to be capable of both artillery detection and air defense missions. As of 2016, it was in an advanced stage of development, with basic design completed and realisation of the prototype underway.
Command and control software and decision-making tools
Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for the Navy and air war software for the Air Force. All these systems are operational with the respective services.
C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has developed several critical C3I (command, control, communications and intelligence systems) for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the Indian Army aims to spend US$300 million to network all its artillery guns using the ACCS (Artillery Command and Control System). Developed by DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprises computers and intelligent terminals connected as a wide area network. Its main subsystems are the artillery computer centre, battery computer, remote access terminal and a gun display unit. The ACCS is expected to improve the Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and allowing for more rapid and accurate firepower. The ACCS will also improve the ability of commanders to concentrate that fire-power where it is most needed. The DRDO and BEL have also developed a Battle Management system for the Indian Army for its tanks and tactical units.
Other programmes in development for the Army include Corps level information and decision making software and tools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I. These systems are in production at DRDO's production partner, Bharat Electronics. These projects are being driven by the Indian Army Corps of Signals. The Indian Army is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also delivered projects such as the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's communication hardware.
Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have been provided by the DRDO. The Navy is currently engaged in a naval networking project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus maritime patrol aircraft and sensors.
Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air Force's network of radars and airbases which have been operationalised. Other systems include sophisticated and highly complex mission planning and C3I systems for missiles, such as the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruise missile. These systems are common to all three services as all of them utilise different variants of these missiles.
Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated on manufacturing a range of simulators and training devices for the three services, from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the Indian Air Force, to sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters, tanks and gunnery devices.
Computing technologies
DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for most of its defence projects. These include supercomputers for computational flow dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs manufactured in India for flight controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.
Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE+[71] Supercomputer for strategic purposes for supporting its various programmes. The initial version, as detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: The system delivered a sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations per second) for computational fluid dynamics programmes. Pace-Plus included 32 advanced computing nodes, each with 64 megabytes (MB) of memory that can be expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is a hyperSPARC with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid dynamics, these high-speed computer systems were used in areas such as vision, medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neural networks and finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is the PACE ++, a 128 node parallel processing system. With a front-end processor, it has a distributed memory and message passing system. Under Project Chitra, the DRDO is implementing a system with a computational speed of 2-3 Teraflops utilising commercial off the shelf components and the Open Source Linux Operating System.
Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of processors and application specific integrated circuits for its critical projects. Many of these systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused across different projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert cartesian to polar coordinates, ANUCO, a floating point coprocessor and several others, including the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used in several DRDO projects.[72]
Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has been to create a substantial local design and development capability within India, both in the private and public sectors. This policy has led to several hard to obtain or otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in India. These include components such as radar subsystems (product specific travelling wave tubes) to components necessary for electronic warfare and other cutting edge projects. Today, there are a range of firms across India, which design and manufacture key components for DRDO, allowing it to source locally for quite a substantial chunk of its procurement. The DRDO has also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off the shelf) processors and technology, and follow Open Architecture standards, wherever possible, in order to pre-empt obsolescence issues and follow industry practise. One significant example is the development of an Open Architecture computer for the Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and VME64 standard. Variants of the earlier Mission computer utilising Intel 486 DX chips are already present on the Su-30 MKI, Jaguar and MiG-27 Upgrades for the Indian Air Force.
DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as focus areas in the next 15 years.[73] The aim is to develop laser-based weapons, deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can intercept missiles soon after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of the ballistic missile defence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is developing a 25-kilowatt laser system to hit a missile during its terminal phase at a distance of 5–7 km. LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system, under project Aditya, which should be ready in three years. Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control technology. Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used. For US President Donald Trump visit to India in 2020, DRDO deployed the LASTEC developed vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system for counter-drone operations in Ahmedabad after completion of successful trial on 21 February 2020.[74] It can detect, identify and destroy low flying objects of smaller size carrying explosives or arms and ammunitions. The Aditya directed energy weapon system was first deployed during the visit of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro on Indian Republic Day 2020.[citation needed]
LASTEC projects include:
Hand-held laser dazzler.
Non-Lethal systems:
Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage. 50-metre range. Status: Ready.
Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre range. Status: Will take 2 more years.
Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs and other explosives from a distance. Status: Trials begin in 18 months.
Lethal Systems:
Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of 10 km. Status: Will take 2 more years.
25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase at range of 5 to 7 km. Status: Will take 5 more years.
At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships, to destroy missiles in their boost phase itself. Status: Will take a decade.
Directed Energy Weapons (DEW)
In view of future warfare and contactless military conflict, DRDO initiated National Directed Energy Weapons Programme in collaboration with domestic private sector industries and various public institutions. It is working on several directed energy weapons (DEW) system such as KALI (electron accelerator) based on electromagnetic radiation or subatomic particle beam to achieve short, medium and long term national goals. Initially divided into two phases, Indian Army and Indian Air Force requested minimum of 20 tactical DEWs that can destroy smaller drones and electronic warfare radar systems within 6 km to 8 km distance. Under phase 2, another 20 tactical DEWs will be developed that can destroy target within 15 km to 20 km distance which will be used against troops and vehicles from ground or air platforms. As of 2020, a truck mounted DEW of 10 kilowatt laser with range of 2 km and portable tripod mounted 2 kilowatt DEW with range of 1 km were demonstrated in field operation successfully.[75] DRDO is working on 50 kilowatt DEW along with ship motion compensation systems for the Indian Navy.[76] In future, DRDO plans to work on a bigger 100 kW DEW.[76]
DURGA II
DRDO is working on a classified 100 kW directed energy weapon called Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array or DURGA.[77][76]
Quantum communication
A quantum key distribution link between Prayagraj and Vindhyachal, which is more than 100 kilometers away, was demonstrated by DRDO and IIT Delhi on 23 February 2022. It was accomplished using commercial-grade optical fiber. At filtered key rates of up to 10 KHz, the performance parameters were measured and were determined to be within the published international standards.[78]
Quantum communication was demonstrated in New Delhi on 26 November 2024, by IIT Delhi and the DRDO Industry Academia–Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE). The focus was on entanglement-based QKD for reliable and secure communication. In a controlled setup, entanglement distribution and QKD are shown across a 50 km fiber link. During a field test at IIT Delhi, the test has shown QKD and entanglement distribution across 8 km of optical fiber. In another demostration, BBM92 protocol was used, to show the distribution of free-space entanglement between two tables that were 20 meters apart in the lab setup and 80 meters apart in real world condition. In a free-space configuration, it proved short-range quantum communication.[79]
In a different experiment, hybrid entanglement was shown to work in a free-space setting, attaining a quantum bit error rate of about 6%, over a 10-meter distance in a lab setting. QKD systems that enable numerous independent channels powered by a single source are also being investigated. This paves the way for development of an adaptable, multi-protocol quantum communication system. The studies were conducted using an all-fiber heralded photon source that has a second-order correlation function (g² ~ 0.01) and can achieve speeds of hundreds of KHz. It is essential for the production of single photons. Additionally, an all-fiber entangled photon source with excellent visibility has been developed. With a Bell test parameter greater than 2.6, this source exhibits high quantum entanglement, which is necessary for the BBM92 protocol. A free-space heralded single photon source with a heralding rate of more than 4 million counts/sec for free space quantum communication operations has also been developed.[79]
The successful demonstration of free-space quantum secure communication employing quantum entanglement at a distance exceeding 1 km via a free-space optical link was made on 16 June 2025, by DIA-CoE and IIT Delhi. The experiment achieved a quantum bit error rate of less than 7% and a secure key rate of around 240 bits per second. This entanglement-assisted quantum secure communication opens the door to real-time quantum cyber security applications, including creation of quantum networks, the quantum internet, and long-distance QKD. In 2024, DRDO team successfully distributing quantum keys via entanglement across a 100 kilometer spool of telecom-grade optical fiber.[80]
Combat vehicles & engineering
Tanks and armoured vehicles
T-72 Ajeya of the Indian Army
Ajeya upgrade (Invincible): upgrade for the T-72 fleet, incorporating a mix of locally made and imported subsystems. 250 have been ordered. Local systems include the DRDO-developed ERA, a DRDO-developed laser warning system and combat net radio, the Bharat Electronics Limited advanced land navigation system consisting of fibre optic gyros and GPS, NBC protection and DRDO's fire detection and suppression system amongst other items. Imported systems include a compact thermal imager and fire control system and a new 1000 hp engine.
Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the FSAPDS for the 125 mm calibre, meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120 mm FSAPDS and HESH rounds for the Arjun tank and 105 mm FSAPDS rounds for the Army's Vijayanta and T-55 tanks. Significant amounts of 125 mm anti-tank rounds manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to improper packaging of the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage during storage at high temperatures. The locally developed rounds were rectified and requalified. Production of these local rounds was then restarted. Since 2001, over 130,000 rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The DRDO said in 2005 that it had developed a Mk2 version of the 125 mm round, with higher power propellant for greater penetration. In parallel, the OFB announced in 2006 that it was also manufacturing 125 mm IMI (Israel Military Industries) rounds. It is believed that this might assist in improving the OFB's APFSDS manufacturing capability. These rounds and presumably the Mk2 round and will be used by both the T-72 and T-90 formations in the Indian Army.[81][82]
Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from composite armour and explosive reactive armour to Radios (Combat Net Radio with frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. Fire-control systems are currently in production at BEL for the Arjun tanks. The first batch in production have a hybrid Sagem-DRDO system, with Sagem sights and local fire control computer.
Arjun tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is now in series production at HVF Avadi.Arjun MBT Mark 1A The Arjun follows a template similar to the tanks developed by western nations, with containerised ammunition storage, with blast off panels, heavy Composite armour, a 120 mm gun (rifled as compared to smoothbore on most other tanks), a modern FCS with high hit probability and a 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW) engine and a four-man crew. Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani acquisition of the M1 Abrams, the project fell into disfavour once it became clear that Pakistan was instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) T type tanks [citation needed]. In such a milieu, acquiring the Arjun in huge numbers is simply unnecessary for the Indian Army, given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an entirely new type. The Indian Army ordered 124 units in 2000 and an additional 124 units in 2010[83][84] and Mark 1A variant is already developed and ordered.[85]
Modification of BMP-2 series
India licence manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been used as the basis for several locally designed modifications, ranging from missile launchers to engineering support vehicles. The DRDO and its various labs have been instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian Army.
Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle for enabling the combat engineers to acquire and record terrain survey data. The instruments mounted on the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bed profile, water depth and bearing capacity of soil of the obstacle in real time which are helpful in taking decisions regarding laying of tracks or building of bridges.[86]
Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving operations in different terrain for preparation of bridging sites, clearing obstacles and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also a built-in feature using a rocket-propelled anchor.
Carrier Mortar Tracked: designed to mount and fire an 81 mm mortar from within vehicle. Capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side; 108 rounds of mortar ammunition stowed.[87]
Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.
NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for determining NBC contamination, as well as bringing back samples. The vehicle includes a plow for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such as a radiation dosimeter amongst other key items.
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