Family of mammals
The Pitheciidae () are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family Atelidae . The family includes the titis , saki monkeys and uakaris . Most species are native to the Amazon region of Brazil , with some being found from Colombia in the north to Bolivia in the south.
Characteristics
Pitheciids are small to medium-sized monkeys , ranging from 23 cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49 cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.
They are diurnal and arboreal animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantly herbivorous , eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have a diastema between the canine and premolar teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.[ 2] dental formula : 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.3
Females give birth to a single young after a gestation period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis are polygamous , living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis and Pithecia sakis, by contrast, are monogamous and live in much smaller family groups.[ 2]
Classification
There are 54 currently recognized extant species of pitheciid monkey, grouped into two subfamilies and six genera .[ 1] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Family Pitheciidae : titis, sakis and uakaris
Subfamily Callicebinae , titis
Genus Plecturocebus White-eared titi , Plecturocebus donacophilus Rio Beni titi , Plecturocebus modestus Rio Mayo titi , Plecturocebus oenanthe Ollala brothers's titi , Plecturocebus olallae White-coated titi , Plecturocebus pallescens Urubamba brown titi , Plecturocebus urubambensis Baptista Lake titi , Plecturocebus baptista Prince Bernhard's titi , Plecturocebus bernhardi Brown titi , Plecturocebus brunneus Parecis titi , Plecturocebus parecis Ashy black titi , Plecturocebus cinerascens Hoffmanns's titi , Plecturocebus hoffmannsi Red-bellied titi , Plecturocebus moloch Vieira's titi , Plecturocebus vieirai Milton's titi , Plecturocebus miltoni Chestnut-bellied titi , Plecturocebus caligatus Coppery titi , Plecturocebus cupreus Toppin's titi , Plecturocebus toppini Madidi titi , Plecturocebus aureipalatii Caquetá titi , Plecturocebus caquetensis White-tailed titi , Plecturocebus discolor Hershkovitz's titi , Plecturocebus dubius Ornate titi , Plecturocebus ornatus Stephen Nash's titi , Plecturocebus stephennashi Alta Floresta titi , Plecturocebus grovesi
Genus Callicebus
Genus †Miocallicebus
Genus Cheracebus
Genus †Carlocebus
Genus †Homunculus
Subfamily Pitheciinae
Genus Cacajao
Genus †Cebupithecia
Genus Chiropotes
Genus †Nuciruptor
Genus †Mazzonicebus
Genus Pithecia Equatorial saki , Pithecia aequatorialis White-footed saki or buffy saki , Pithecia albicans Cazuza's saki , Pithecia cazuzai Golden-faced saki , Pithecia chrysocephala Hairy saki , Pithecia hirsuta Burnished saki , Pithecia inusta Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki , Pithecia irrorata Isabel's saki , Pithecia isabela Monk saki , Pithecia monachus Miller's saki , Pithecia milleri Mittermeier's Tapajós saki , Pithecia mittermeieri (disputed)[ 6] Napo saki , Pithecia napensis Pissinatti's saki , Pithecia pissinattii (disputed)[ 6] White-faced saki , Pithecia pithecia Rylands' bald-faced saki , Pithecia rylandsi (disputed)[ 6] Vanzolini's bald-faced saki , Pithecia vanzolinii
Genus †Proteropithecia †Proteropithecia neuquenensis
Genus †Soriacebus †Soriacebus ameghinorum
†Soriacebus adrianae
†Genus Xenothrix
†Genus Antillothrix †Hispaniolan monkey, Antillothrix bernensis
†Genus Insulacebus †Insulacebus toussentiana *Newly described species.[ 3]
†Extinct taxa.
Silvestro etal 2017 showed the relationship among the extinct and extant pitheciid genera:[ 5]
stem Pitheciidae
stem Callicebinae
stem Pitheciinae
References
^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E. ; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 141– 148. ISBN 0-801-88221-4 OCLC 62265494 .^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals 358–361 . ISBN 0-87196-871-1 ^ a b c d Boubli, J. P.; M. N. F. Da Silva; M. V. Amado; T. Hrbek; F. B. Pontual; I. P. Farias (2008). "A Taxonomic Reassessment of Cacajao melanocephalus Humboldt (1811), with the Description of Two New Species" . International Journal of Primatology . 29 (3): 723– 741. doi :10.1007/s10764-008-9248-7 . S2CID 26561719 . ^ The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry accessed on 6 April 2010^ a b Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data". bioRxiv 10.1101/178111 ^ a b c Serrano-Villavicencio, J.E.; Murtado, C.M.; Vendramel, R.L.; Oliveira do Nascimento, F. (January 2019). "Reconsidering the taxonomy of the Pithecia irrorata species group (Primates: Pitheciidae)" . Journal of Mammalogy . 100 (1): 130– 141. doi :10.1093/jmammal/gyy167
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