Pawnee language

Pawnee
pâri pakûru’
Native to	United States
Region	North-central Oklahoma
Ethnicity	2,500 Pawnee (2007)
Native speakers	<10 (2007)[1]
Language family	Caddoan Northern Pawnee–Kitsai Pawnee–Arikara Pawnee
Dialects	Skiri † South Band
Language codes
ISO 639-3	paw
Glottolog	pawn1254
ELP	Pawnee
Linguasphere	64-BAB-b
Pre-contact distribution of Pawnee
Pawnee is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pawnee or pâri pakûru’^[2] is a Caddoan language traditionally spoken by Pawnee Native Americans, currently inhabiting north-central Oklahoma. Historically, the Pawnee lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska.

Two important dialect divisions are evident in Pawnee: South Band and Skiri. The distinction between the two dialects rests on differences in their respective phonetic inventory and lexicon. The Skiri dialect became extinct in 2001 with the death of Lula Nora Pratt.^[3]

As of 2007, there are fewer than 10 native speakers, all elderly. The Pawnee Nation is developing teaching materials for the local high school and for adult language classes. There are also extensive documentary materials in the language archived at the American Indian Studies Research Institute.^[4] The Pawnee language can be heard spoken in the 2015 movie The Revenant.^[5] In 2019 and 2020, the Pawnee Nation posted online videos teaching the Pawnee language.^[6]

The following describes the South Band dialect.

Pawnee has eight consonant phonemes, and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme.

• /ʔ/ is predictable when it occurs in the middle of words. However, since /ʔ/ is not completely predictable at the end of words, it may also need to be considered a phoneme.

Pawnee has four short vowel phonemes and four long counterparts (also phonemic).

Pawnee is an ergative-absolutive polysynthetic language.

The Pawnee alphabet has nine consonants and eight vowels. The letters are relatively similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts.

Here are other alphabets that are used sometimes in Pawnee texts.

• American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2008). Dictionary Database: Pawnee (Skiri and Southband dialects).
• American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2001). Pawnee Alphabet Book.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Parks, Douglas R. (1976). A grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
• Taylor, Allan R. (1978). [Review of A grammar of Pawnee by D. Parks]. Language, 54 (4), 969-972.

Pawnee language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Pawnee Language Program, sponsored by the Pawnee Nation and Indiana University