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Exposure to maneb can occur when breathed in; it can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat as well as cause headache, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, seizures and even unconsciousness. Prolonged or long-term exposure may interfere with the function of the thyroid. Exposure to maneb is also shown to induce a Parkinson's disease like neurotoxicity in mice.[2] It is still challenged whether maneb, along with Paraquat, is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease.[3][4] In 2022 a review from India stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and MB with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD."[5]
Production
Manganese(II) ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) of low ethylenethiourea (ETU) content is prepared by mixing disodium ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) with formaldehyde in aqueous medium then mixing a water-soluble manganese(II) salt to precipitate the maneb. The product can be further formulated with a metal salt and also with paraformaldehyde. (See External links for the patent citation)
Applications
Maneb, is a broad spectrum fungicide that is extensively applied against a wide range of fungal pathogens affecting ornamental plants, food and feed crops. It can also be used to create a toxin-based animal model of Parkinson's disease, usually in primates.[6][7]
Environmental effects
Environmental Impacts
Dithiocarbamates, commonly used as fungicides, can have significant environmental effects, particularly impacting aquatic life and potentially leading to neurotoxicity. They are known to be teratogenic in some species, and can cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. [8]
Aquatic Toxicity
Dithiocarbamates are toxic to aquatic organisms, with some studies showing them to be several orders of magnitude more toxic than their degradation product, ethylenethiourea (ETU).[9]
Teratogenicity
They can cause developmental abnormalities, particularly in fish, such as spinal curvature, notochord distortion, and shortened anterior-posterior axis. [10]
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
Dithiocarbamates can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in various cell types, including dopaminergic cells and potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's. [11]
Neurotoxicity
Studies have shown that dithiocarbamates can be neurotoxic, and combined exposure with other pesticides like glyphosate can exacerbate these effects. [12]
Mental Accumulation
Exposure to dithiocarbamates can lead to increased levels of metals like copper, manganese, and zinc in cells and tissues. [13]
Environmental Persistence
While they are known to degrade relatively quickly in the environment through hydrolysis and photolysis, they can still be frequently detected in environmental and food samples. [14]
Regulation
Maneb was included in a pesticide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency[15] and approved by the European Parliament on January 13, 2009.[16]
^Garcinuño RM, Fernández-Hernando P, Cámara C (July 2004). "Simultaneous determination of maneb and its main metabolites in tomatoes by liquid chromatography using diode array ultraviolet absorbance detection". Journal of Chromatography A. 1043 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.059. PMID15330096.
^Cicchetti F, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gross RE (September 2009). "Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease: what have we learned from pesticide-induced animal models?". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (9): 475–483. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.06.005. PMID19729209.
