List of quasiparticles This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics. List Quasiparticles Quasiparticle Signification Underlying particles Angulon Used to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015,[1] the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory.[2][3] Anyon A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons. exciton Biexciton A bound state of two free excitons Bion A bound state of solitons, named for Born–Infeld model soliton Bipolaron A bound pair of two polarons polaron Bogolon Broken Cooper pair electron, hole Composite fermion Arise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect.[4] electron Configuron[5] An elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond Cooper pair A bound pair of two electrons electron Dirac electron Electrons in graphene behave as relativistic massless Dirac fermions electron Dislon A localized collective excitation associated with a dislocation in crystalline solids.[6] It emerges from the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a classical dislocation Doublon Paired electrons in the same lattice site[7][8][9] electrons Dropleton The first known quasiparticle that behaves like a liquid[10] Duon Quasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow.[11] Electron quasiparticle An electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid electron Electron hole (hole) A lack of electron in a valence band crystal lattice Exciton A bound state of an electron and a hole (See also: biexciton) electron, hole Exciton-polariton A bound state of an exciton and a photon. photon, exciton Ferron A quasiparticle that carries heat and polarization, akin to phonon and magnons.[12][13] Fracton A collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure. Fracton (subdimensional particle) An emergent quasiparticle excitation that is immobile when in isolation. Helical Dirac fermion Dirac electron with spin locked to its translational momentum. Dirac electron Holon (chargon) A quasi-particle resulting from electron spin-charge separation electron Hopfion A topological soliton. 3D counterpart of 2D magnetic skyrmion. Intersubband polariton Dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. photon Leviton A collective excitation of a single electron within a metal Magnetic monopole Arise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass. Magnetic skyrmion Statically stable solitons which appear in magnetic materials. In 3D these are sometimes called hopfions. Magnon A coherent excitation of electron spins in a material Majorana fermion A quasiparticle equal to its own antiparticle, emerging as a midgap state in certain superconductors Nematicon A soliton in nematic liquid-crystal media Orbiton[14] A quasiparticle resulting from electron spin–orbital separation Oscillon A soliton-like single wave in vibrating media Pines' demon Collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Named after David Pines electrons Phason Vibrational modes in a quasicrystal associated with atomic rearrangements crystal lattice Phoniton A theoretical quasiparticle which is a hybridization of a localized, long-living phonon and a matter excitation[15] phonon Phonon Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts crystal lattice Phonon polariton A coupling between phonon and photons. optical phonon, photon Plasmariton Coupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon. plasmon, photon Plasmaron A quasiparticle emerging from the coupling between a plasmon and a hole plasmon, hole Plasmon A coherent excitation of a plasma electron Plexciton Coupling plasmons with excitons Polaron A moving charged quasiparticle that is surrounded by ions in a material electron, phonon Polariton A mixture of photon with other quasiparticles photon, optical phonon Relaxon A collective phonon excitation[16] Phonon Rydberg polaron Polarons in ensembles of Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensates. Rydberg atom Roton Collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex. Semi-Dirac electron Particle with zero mass gap in one direction of space. electron Surface magnon polariton Coupling between spin waves and electromagnetic waves. magnon, photon Surface phonon Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts at the surface. Surface plasmon A coherent excitation of a plasma at the surface of a metal. Surface plasmon polariton Coupling between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves. Surface plasmon, photon Soliton A self-reinforcing solitary excitation wave Spinon A quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin–charge separation that can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquid TI-polaron Translational invariant polaron polaron Trion A coherent excitation of three quasiparticles (two holes and one electron or two electrons and one hole) electron, hole Triplon A quasiparticle formed from electrons with triplet state pairing[17][18] electron Wrinklon A localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system[19][20] Weyl electrons In Weyl semimetals, electrons behave as massless, following the Weyl equation. electron References ^ Schmidt, Richard; Lemeshko, Mikhail (18 May 2015). "Rotation of Quantum Impurities in the Presence of a Many-Body Environment". Physical Review Letters. 114 (20) 203001. arXiv:1502.03447. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114t3001S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.203001. PMID 26047225. S2CID 9111150. ^ Lemeshko, Mikhail (27 February 2017). "Quasiparticle Approach to Molecules Interacting with Quantum Solvents". Physical Review Letters. 118 (9) 095301. arXiv:1610.01604. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118i5301L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.095301. PMID 28306270. S2CID 5190749. ^ "Existence of a new quasiparticle demonstrated". Phys.org. Retrieved 1 March 2017. ^ "Physics Today Article".[dead link] ^ Angell, C.A.; Rao, K.J. (1972). "Configurational excitations in condensed matter, and "bond lattice" model for the liquid-glass transition". J. Chem. Phys. 57 (1): 470–481. Bibcode:1972JChPh..57..470A. doi:10.1063/1.1677987. ^ M. Li, Y. Tsurimaki, Q. Meng, N. Andrejevic, Y. Zhu, G. D. Mahan, and G. Chen, "Theory of electron-phonon-dislon interacting system – toward a quantized theory of dislocations", New J. Phys. (2017) http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aaa383/meta ^ Bergan, Brad (2021-06-29). "Physicist Just Discovered a New Quasiparticle". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 2024-01-10. ^ Besedin, Ilya S.; Gorlach, Maxim A.; Abramov, Nikolay N.; Tsitsilin, Ivan; Moskalenko, Ilya N.; Dobronosova, Alina A.; Moskalev, Dmitry O.; Matanin, Alexey R.; Smirnov, Nikita S.; Rodionov, Ilya A.; Poddubny, Alexander N.; Ustinov, Alexey V. (2021-06-17). "Topological excitations and bound photon pairs in a superconducting quantum metamaterial". Physical Review B. 103 (22). arXiv:2006.12794. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.103.224520. ISSN 2469-9950. ^ Azcona, P. Martínez; Downing, C. A. (2021-06-15). "Doublons, topology and interactions in a one-dimensional lattice". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91778-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8206211. PMID 34131200. ^ Clara Moskowitz (26 February 2014). "Meet the Dropleton—a "Quantum Droplet" That Acts Like a Liquid". Scientific American. Retrieved 26 February 2014. ^ Saeed, Imran; Pak, Hyuk Kyu; Tlusty, Tsvi (2023-01-26). "Quasiparticles, flat bands and the melting of hydrodynamic matter". Nature Physics. 19 (4): 536–544. arXiv:2203.13615. Bibcode:2023NatPh..19..536S. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01893-5. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 247749037. ^ Wooten, Brandi L.; Iguchi, Ryo; Tang, Ping; Kang, Joon Sang; Uchida, Ken-ichi; Bauer, Gerrit; Heremans, Joseph P. (2023-02-03). "Electric field–dependent phonon spectrum and heat conduction in ferroelectrics". Science Advances. 9 (5) eadd7194. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add7194. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9891688. PMID 36724270. ^ Gasparini, Allison (2023-02-17). "Researchers Spot a Ferron". Physics. 16: 28. doi:10.1103/Physics.16.28. S2CID 257618626. ^ J. Schlappa; K. Wohlfeld; K. J. Zhou; M. Mourigal; M. W. Haverkort; V. N. Strocov; L. Hozoi; C. Monney; S. Nishimoto; S. Singh; A. Revcolevschi; J.-S. Caux; L. Patthey; H. M. Rønnow; J. van den Brink; T. Schmitt (2012-04-18). "Spin–orbital separation in the quasi-one-dimensional Mott insulator Sr2CuO3". Nature. 485 (7396): 82–5. arXiv:1205.1954. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...82S. doi:10.1038/nature10974. PMID 22522933. S2CID 43990784. ^ "Introducing the Phoniton: a tool for controlling sound at the quantum level". University of Maryland Department of Physics. Retrieved 26 Feb 2014. ^ McGaughey, Alan (2016-10-17). "Relaxons Heat Up Thermal Transport". Physics. 9: 118. arXiv:1603.02608. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041013. ^ Drost, Robert; Kezilebieke, Shawulienu; Lado, Jose L.; Liljeroth, Peter (2023-08-22). "Real-Space Imaging of Triplon Excitations in Engineered Quantum Magnets" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 131 (8) 086701. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.086701. PMID 37683177. S2CID 256194268. ^ McRae, Mike (2023-08-25). "Waves of Entanglement Seen Rippling Through a Quantum Magnet For The First Time". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2023-08-28. ^ Johnson, Hamish. "Introducing the 'wrinklon'". Physics World. Retrieved 26 Feb 2014. ^ Meng, Lan; Su, Ying; Geng, Dechao; Yu, Gui; Liu, Yunqi; Dou, Rui-Fen; Nie, Jia-Cai; He, Lin (2013). "Hierarchy of graphene wrinkles induced by thermal strain engineering". Applied Physics Letters. 103 (25): 251610. arXiv:1306.0171. Bibcode:2013ApPhL.103y1610M. doi:10.1063/1.4857115. S2CID 119234537.

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