List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".^[1]

The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.

The UNFCCC was opened for signature on 9 May 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of July 2022, UNFCCC has 198 parties.

As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observers the State of Palestine and the Holy See, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands, and the supranational union European Union.^[2][3]

Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:

• Annex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the convention, including the European Union.^[4] These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and "economies in transition" (EITs).^[5] The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.^[6]
• Annex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the convention, including the European Union.^[7] These Parties are made up of members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).^[5]
• Non-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the convention are mostly low-income^[8][9] developing countries.^[5] Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.
• Least-developed countries (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.^[5]

Like minded parties group themselves in negotiation blocks, who often take common positions. Twelve parties do not belong to any block.

• G77 & China
• AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States, often referred to as the SIDS, Small Island Developing States)
• AGN (African Group of Negotiators)
• LDCs (Least Developed Countries)

• AILAC (Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean)
• LMDCs (Like-Minded Developing Countries)
• Arab Group

• EIG (Environmental Integrity Group)
• Umbrella Group
• EU (European Union)

Some of the groups are more of a geographic nature, such as the AGN, Arab Group, or AOSIS. THe EU is of highly political nature. Membership in the LDCs is defined by economic and other indicators. AILAC, LMDCs, Grupo Sur change often, while EIG and Umbrella group change little over the years before 2025.^[10]

The JUSSCANZ (Japan, the US, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Norway and New Zealand), or JUSCANZ, which is a coalition of like-minded countries at various United Nations bodies, such as the UNHRC, or the UNCTAD. With sometimes also Iceland, Mexico, the Republic of Korea being invited. The Umbrella and the EIG Groups emerged as a variations of the JUSSCANZ coalition following the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. ^[10]

Other groups that existet have been:^[11]

• Cartagena Dialogue (for Progressive Action), a group of around 40 countries working towards a comprehensive and legally binding climate agreement under the UNFCCC, committed to becoming or remaining low-carbon economies.^[12] It existed after COP15.^[13]
• CACAM (Central Asia, Caucasus, Albania and Moldova),
• the Coalition for Rainforest Nations, and
• the Mountain Partnership Group (formerly the Group of Mountainous Landlocked Counties).

State[3][14]	Classification[4][15]	Signature	Ratification	Notes
Afghanistan		June 12, 1992	September 19, 2002
Albania			October 3, 1994
Algeria		June 13, 1992	June 9, 1993
Andorra			March 2, 2011
Angola		June 14, 1992	May 17, 2000
Antigua and Barbuda		June 4, 1992	February 2, 1993
Argentina		June 12, 1992	March 11, 1994
Armenia		June 13, 1992	May 14, 1993
Australia	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	December 30, 1992
Austria	Annex I, II	June 8, 1992	February 28, 1994
Azerbaijan		June 12, 1992	May 16, 1995
Bahamas		June 12, 1992	March 29, 1994
Bahrain		June 8, 1992	December 28, 1994
Bangladesh		June 9, 1992	April 15, 1994
Barbados		June 12, 1992	March 23, 1994
Belarus	Annex I, EIT	June 11, 1992	May 11, 2000
Belgium	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	January 16, 1996
Belize		June 13, 1992	October 31, 1994
Benin		June 13, 1992	June 30, 1994
Bhutan		June 11, 1992	August 25, 1995
Bolivia		June 10, 1992	October 3, 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina			September 7, 2000
Botswana		June 12, 1992	January 27, 1994
Brazil		June 4, 1992	February 28, 1994
Brunei			August 7, 2007
Bulgaria	Annex I, EIT	June 5, 1992	May 12, 1995
Burkina Faso		June 12, 1992	September 2, 1993
Burundi		June 11, 1992	January 6, 1997
Cambodia			December 18, 1995
Cameroon		June 14, 1992	October 19, 1994
Canada	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	December 4, 1992
Cape Verde		June 12, 1992	March 29, 1995
Central African Republic		June 13, 1992	March 10, 1995
Chad		June 12, 1992	June 7, 1994
Chile		June 13, 1992	December 22, 1994
China		June 11, 1992	January 5, 1993	Applies to Macao, extended by Portugal on 28 June 1999. Application remained in force after transfer of sovereignty to China. Applies to Hong Kong from 8 April 2003.
Colombia		June 13, 1992	March 22, 1995
Comoros		June 11, 1992	October 31, 1994
Democratic Republic of the Congo		June 11, 1992	January 9, 1995
Republic of the Congo		June 12, 1992	October 14, 1996
Cook Islands		June 12, 1992	April 20, 1993
Costa Rica		June 13, 1992	August 26, 1994
Côte d'Ivoire		June 10, 1992	November 29, 1994
Croatia	Annex I, EIT	June 11, 1992	April 8, 1996	At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Cuba		June 13, 1992	January 5, 1994
Cyprus	Annex I	June 12, 1992	October 15, 1997	At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2013.[15][18][19]
Czechia	Annex I, EIT[a]	June 18, 1993	October 7, 1993	At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Denmark	Annex I, II	June 9, 1992	December 21, 1993	Including Faroe Islands and Greenland
Djibouti		June 12, 1992	August 27, 1995
Dominica			June 21, 1993
Dominican Republic		June 12, 1992	October 7, 1998
Ecuador		June 9, 1992	February 23, 1993
Egypt		June 9, 1992	December 5, 1994
El Salvador		June 13, 1992	December 4, 1995
Equatorial Guinea			August 16, 2000
Eritrea			April 24, 1995
Estonia	Annex I, EIT	June 12, 1992	July 27, 1994
Eswatini		June 12, 1992	October 7, 1996
Ethiopia		June 10, 1992	April 5, 1994
European Union[b]	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	December 21, 1993	Ratified as the European Economic Community.
Fiji		October 9, 1992	February 25, 1993
Finland	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	May 3, 1994
France	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	March 25, 1994
Gabon		June 12, 1992	January 21, 1998
Gambia		June 12, 1992	June 10, 1994
Georgia			July 29, 1994
Germany	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	December 9, 1993
Ghana		June 12, 1992	September 6, 1995
Greece	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	August 4, 1994
Grenada		December 3, 1992	August 11, 1994
Guatemala		June 13, 1992	December 15, 1995
Guinea		June 12, 1992	May 7, 1993
Guinea-Bissau		June 12, 1992	October 27, 1995
Guyana		June 13, 1992	August 29, 1994
Haiti		June 13, 1992	September 25, 1996
Holy See			July 6, 2022
Honduras		June 13, 1992	October 19, 1995
Hungary	Annex I, EIT	June 13, 1992	February 24, 1994
Iceland	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	June 16, 1993
India		June 10, 1992	November 1, 1993
Indonesia		June 5, 1992	August 23, 1994
Iran		June 14, 1992	July 18, 1996
Iraq			July 28, 2009
Ireland	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	April 20, 1994
Israel		June 4, 1992	June 4, 1996
Italy	Annex I, II	June 5, 1992	April 15, 1994
Jamaica		June 12, 1992	January 6, 1995
Japan	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	May 28, 1993
Jordan		June 11, 1992	November 12, 1993
Kazakhstan	[a][c]	June 8, 1992	May 17, 1995
Kenya		June 12, 1992	August 30, 1994
Kiribati		June 13, 1992	February 7, 1995
North Korea		June 11, 1992	December 5, 1994
South Korea		June 13, 1992	December 14, 1993
Kuwait			December 28, 1994
Kyrgyzstan			May 25, 2000
Laos			January 4, 1995
Latvia	Annex I, EIT	June 11, 1992	March 23, 1995
Lebanon		June 12, 1992	December 15, 1994
Lesotho		June 11, 1992	February 7, 1995
Liberia		June 12, 1992	November 5, 2002
Libya		June 29, 1992	June 14, 1999
Liechtenstein	Annex I	June 4, 1992	June 22, 1994	At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Lithuania	Annex I, EIT	June 11, 1992	March 24, 1995
Luxembourg	Annex I, II	June 9, 1992	May 9, 1994
North Macedonia			January 28, 1998
Madagascar		June 10, 1992	June 2, 1999
Malawi		June 10, 1992	April 21, 1994
Malaysia		June 9, 1993	July 13, 1994
Maldives		June 12, 1992	November 9, 1992
Mali		September 30, 1992	December 28, 1994
Malta	Annex I	June 12, 1992	March 17, 1994	At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2010.[15][24]
Marshall Islands		June 12, 1992	October 8, 1992
Mauritania		June 12, 1992	January 20, 1994
Mauritius		June 10, 1992	September 4, 1992
Mexico		June 13, 1992	March 11, 1993
Micronesia		June 12, 1992	November 18, 1993
Moldova		June 12, 1992	June 9, 1995
Monaco	Annex I[a]	June 11, 1992	November 20, 1992	At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Mongolia		June 12, 1992	September 30, 1993
Montenegro			October 23, 2006
Morocco		June 13, 1992	December 28, 1995
Mozambique		June 12, 1992	August 25, 1995
Myanmar		June 11, 1992	November 25, 1994
Namibia		June 12, 1992	May 16, 1995
Nauru		June 8, 1992	November 11, 1993
Nepal		June 12, 1992	May 2, 1994
Netherlands	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	December 20, 1993	Excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands and Sint Maarten
New Zealand	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	September 16, 1993
Nicaragua		June 13, 1992	October 31, 1995
Niger		June 11, 1992	July 25, 1995
Nigeria		June 13, 1992	August 29, 1994
Niue			February 28, 1996
Norway	Annex I, II	June 4, 1992	July 9, 1993
Oman		June 11, 1992	February 8, 1995
Pakistan		June 13, 1992	June 1, 1994
Palau			December 10, 1999
Palestine			December 18, 2015
Panama		March 18, 1993	May 23, 1995
Papua New Guinea		June 13, 1992	March 16, 1993
Paraguay		June 12, 1992	February 24, 1994
Peru		June 12, 1992	June 7, 1993
Philippines		June 12, 1992	August 2, 1994
Poland	Annex I, EIT	June 5, 1992	July 28, 1994
Portugal	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	December 21, 1993
Qatar			April 18, 1996
Romania	Annex I, EIT	June 5, 1992	June 8, 1994
Russia	Annex I, EIT	June 13, 1992	December 28, 1994
Rwanda		June 10, 1992	August 18, 1998
Saint Kitts and Nevis		June 12, 1992	January 7, 1993
Saint Lucia		June 14, 1993	June 14, 1993
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines			December 2, 1996
Samoa		June 12, 1992	November 29, 1994
San Marino		June 10, 1992	October 28, 1994
São Tomé and Príncipe		June 12, 1992	September 29, 1999
Saudi Arabia			December 28, 1994
Senegal		June 13, 1992	October 17, 1994
Serbia			March 12, 2001	Acceded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2001. The FR Yugoslavia had previously signed (8 June 1992) and ratified (3 September 1997) the UNFCCC, but this was not recognized by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary because UN membership or membership of a UN specialized agency is a prerequisite to become party to the convention, and the succession of the FR Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (and its UN membership) was disputed.[25]
Seychelles		June 10, 1992	September 22, 1992
Sierra Leone		February 11, 1993	June 22, 1995
Singapore		June 13, 1992	May 29, 1997
Slovakia	Annex I, EIT[a]	May 19, 1993	August 25, 1994	At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Slovenia	Annex I, EIT[a]	June 13, 1992	December 1, 1995	At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[15][16][17]
Solomon Islands		June 13, 1992	December 28, 1994
Somalia			September 11, 2009
South Africa		June 15, 1993	August 29, 1997
South Sudan			February 17, 2014
Spain	Annex I, II	June 13, 1992	December 21, 1993
Sri Lanka		June 10, 1992	November 23, 1993
Sudan		June 9, 1992	November 19, 1993
Suriname		June 13, 1992	October 14, 1997
Sweden	Annex I, II	June 8, 1992	June 23, 1993
Switzerland	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	December 10, 1993
Syria			January 4, 1996
Tajikistan			January 7, 1998
Tanzania		June 12, 1992	April 17, 1996
Thailand		June 12, 1992	December 28, 1994
Timor-Leste			October 10, 2006
Togo		June 12, 1992	March 8, 1995
Tonga			July 20, 1998
Trinidad and Tobago		June 11, 1992	June 24, 1994
Tunisia		June 13, 1992	July 15, 1993
Turkiye	Annex I		February 24, 2004	Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[26][27] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[21][28][29] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[15][22][23][30][31][32]
Turkmenistan			June 5, 1995
Tuvalu		June 8, 1992	October 26, 1993
Uganda		June 13, 1992	September 8, 1993
Ukraine	Annex I, EIT	June 11, 1992	May 13, 1997
United Arab Emirates			December 29, 1995
United Kingdom	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	December 8, 1993	Including Jersey, Isle of Man, Guernsey (8 December 1993), Gibraltar (2 January 2007), Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Falkland Islands (7 March 2007). Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied
United States	Annex I, II	June 12, 1992	October 15, 1992
Uruguay		June 4, 1992	August 18, 1994
Uzbekistan			June 20, 1993
Vanuatu		June 9, 1992	March 25, 1993
Venezuela		June 12, 1992	December 28, 1994
Vietnam		June 11, 1992	November 16, 1994
Yemen		June 12, 1992	February 21, 1996
Zambia		June 11, 1992	May 28, 1993
Zimbabwe		June 12, 1992	November 3, 1992