Cytokine
Interleukin 15-like (IL-15L) is an interleukin , a type of cytokine signaling in the immune system . It is a secreted protein of approximately 120 amino acids[ 1] IL-2 and IL-15 .
Intact IL-15L genes are found in bony fish,[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] IL-15L pseudogene is found.[ 6] IL-15L gene in the genome is conserved from sharks to mammals and on a different chromosome than IL-2 and IL-15 .[ 2] [ 3] [ 5] [ 6]
Bony fish (trout) IL-15L specifically stimulates the expression of type 2 immunity cytokines IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B (homologs of IL-4 and IL-13 .[ 7] [ 8] ILC2 cells;[ 1] IL-2 [ 9] [ 10] IL-15 ,[ 9] [ 11] [ 1] [ 12] [ 13] IL-15Rα ,[ 1] [ 6] IL-15Rα [ 1]
It is unclear why many mammals, and also birds and amphibians,[ 6] [ 1] TSLP , IL-25 , and IL-33 ; none of these three cytokines have been found in fish,[ 14]
References
^ a b c d e f Yamaguchi, Takuya; Chang, Chia Jung; Karger, Axel; Keller, Markus; Pfaff, Florian; Wangkahart, Eakapol; Wang, Tiehui; Secombes, Christopher J.; Kimoto, Azusa; Furihata, Mitsuru; Hashimoto, Keiichiro; Fischer, Uwe; Dijkstra, Johannes M. (2020). "Ancient Cytokine Interleukin 15-Like (IL-15L) Induces a Type 2 Immune Response" . Frontiers in Immunology . 11 : 549319. doi :10.3389/fimmu.2020.549319 ISSN 1664-3224 . PMC 7658486 PMID 33193315 . {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link )^ a b Gunimaladevi, I.; Savan, Ram; Sato, Kenji; Yamaguchi, Ryoji; Sakai, Masahiro (April 2007). "Characterization of an interleukin-15 like (IL-15L) gene from zebrafish (Danio rerio)" Fish & Shellfish Immunology . 22 (4): 351– 362. doi :10.1016/j.fsi.2006.05.009 . PMID 16919968 . ^ a b Fang, Wei; Xiang, Li-Xin; Shao, Jian-Zhong; Wen, Yi; Chen, Shu-Yun (March 2006). "Identification and characterization of an interleukin-15 homologue from Tetraodon nigroviridis" Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 143 (3): 335– 343. doi :10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.12.009 . PMID 16455279 . ^ Dijkstra, Johannes M. (2014-07-10). "TH2 and Treg candidate genes in elephant shark" Nature . 511 (7508): E7 – E9 . Bibcode :2014Natur.511E...7D . doi :10.1038/nature13446 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 25008534 . S2CID 4447611 . ^ a b Dijkstra, Johannes M. (February 2021). "A method for making alignments of related protein sequences that share very little similarity; shark interleukin 2 as an example" Immunogenetics . 73 (1): 35– 51. doi :10.1007/s00251-020-01191-5 . ISSN 0093-7711 . PMID 33512550 . S2CID 231770873 . ^ a b c d e Dijkstra, Johannes M.; Takizawa, Fumio; Fischer, Uwe; Friedrich, Maik; Soto-Lampe, Veronica; Lefèvre, Christophe; Lenk, Matthias; Karger, Axel; Matsui, Taei; Hashimoto, Keiichiro (February 2014). "Identification of a gene for an ancient cytokine, interleukin 15-like, in mammals; interleukins 2 and 15 co-evolved with this third family member, all sharing binding motifs for IL-15Rα" . Immunogenetics . 66 (2): 93– 103. doi :10.1007/s00251-013-0747-0 . ISSN 0093-7711 . PMC 3894449 PMID 24276591 . ^ Li, Jia-Hui; Shao, Jian-Zhong; Xiang, Li-Xin; Wen, Yi (March 2007). "Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of pufferfish interleukin-4 cDNA: The first evidence of Th2-type cytokine in fish" Molecular Immunology . 44 (8): 2078– 2086. doi :10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.010 . PMID 17084456 . ^ Ohtani, Maki; Hayashi, Nobuhiro; Hashimoto, Keiichiro; Nakanishi, Teruyuki; Dijkstra, Johannes Martinus (July 2008). "Comprehensive clarification of two paralogous interleukin 4/13 loci in teleost fish" Immunogenetics . 60 (7): 383– 397. doi :10.1007/s00251-008-0299-x . ISSN 0093-7711 . PMID 18560827 . S2CID 24675205 . ^ a b Waldmann, Thomas A. (August 2006). "The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design" Nature Reviews Immunology . 6 (8): 595– 601. doi :10.1038/nri1901 . ISSN 1474-1733 . PMID 16868550 . S2CID 33995454 . ^ Malek, Thomas R. (2008-04-01). "The Biology of Interleukin-2" Annual Review of Immunology . 26 (1): 453– 479. doi :10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090357 . ISSN 0732-0582 . PMID 18062768 . ^ Waldmann, Thomas A. (December 2013). "The Biology of IL-15: Implications for Cancer Therapy and the Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders" . Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings . 16 (1): S28 – S30 . doi :10.1038/jidsymp.2013.8 PMID 24326545 . ^ Wang, Tiehui; Holland, Jason W.; Carrington, Allison; Zou, Jun; Secombes, Christopher J. (2007-08-01). "Molecular and Functional Characterization of IL-15 in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: A Potent Inducer of IFN-γ Expression in Spleen Leukocytes" . The Journal of Immunology . 179 (3): 1475– 1488. doi :10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1475 ISSN 0022-1767 . PMID 17641013 . S2CID 45106342 . ^ Wang, Tiehui; Hu, Yehfang; Wangkahart, Eakapol; Liu, Fuguo; Wang, Alex; Zahran, Eman; Maisey, Kevin R.; Liu, Min; Xu, Qiaoqing; Imarai, Mónica; Secombes, Christopher J. (2018-07-26). "Interleukin (IL)-2 Is a Key Regulator of T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cytokine Expression in Fish: Functional Characterization of Two Divergent IL2 Paralogs in Salmonids" . Frontiers in Immunology . 9 : 1683. doi :10.3389/fimmu.2018.01683 ISSN 1664-3224 . PMC 6070626 PMID 30093902 . ^ Yamaguchi, Takuya; Takizawa, Fumio; Fischer, Uwe; Dijkstra, Johannes (2015-11-17). "Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals" . Biology . 4 (4): 814– 859. doi :10.3390/biology4040814 ISSN 2079-7737 . PMC 4690019 PMID 26593954 .
