Golyad language

Golyad
Golyad
East Galindian, Golyadsky
*Galindai
Region	Protva basin
Ethnicity	Eastern Galindians
Extinct	12th century AD
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Baltic Dnieper-Oka Golyad; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xgl (shared with West Galindian)
Linguist List	xgl
Glottolog	None
	Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory.
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Golyad (Russian: голя́дский язык) or East Galindian (Latvian: austrumgalindu valoda, Lithuanian: rytų galindų kalba) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Dnieper Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.^[2] The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and is the only known ethnonym for the Dnieper-Oka language.^[1] Due to there being no known written documents of the Golyad language, the language is poorly known.^[3] The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Early Slavic migration and assimilation.^[1] It is believed the vernaculars of the Finno-Ugrians and Volga Finns adopted loanwords from East Galindian.^[4]

Phonology

Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:^[5]^[6]

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Velar
		Labial	plain	pal.	Post- alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʲ	tʃ	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d	dʲ		ɡ
Fricative	voiceless		s		ʃ
Fricative	voiced	v	z		ʒ
Trill			r	rʲ
Approximant			l	lʲ	j

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i	iː			u	uː
Mid		eː				oː
Mid-low	ɛ
Low			a	aː

Lexicon

There are some Russian dialectal words from the Protva basin region suspected to be of Baltic origin:^[7]

Russian	Transliteration	Translation	Proposed Baltic cognates
алáня	alánja	'beer'	Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš
кромсáть	kromsát'	'to break something into pieces'	Lithuanian: kramsė́ti, Latvian: kramstīt
нóрот	nórot	'fishing gear'	Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink'
пикýлька	pikúl'ka	'type of weed'	Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium'

It is believed that the hydronyms "Lama", "Yauza", "Nudol" and "Churilikha" have Baltic origins.^[8] Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the Lithuanian word for narrow and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad themselves.^[9] It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.^[8]^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
^ Dini (2014), p. 307.
^ "The Galindan language". tied.verbix. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
^ Marija Gimbutas (1963). The Balts (PDF). Praeger. pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
^ Dini (2014), p. 311-312.
^ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.
^ Dini (2014), p. 312.
^ ^a ^b Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov (2008). "Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 174. ISSN 0304-3487. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
^ "В поисках реки Голедянки" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
^ Walther Friesen (11 December 2020). "1". The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History. Books on Demand. p. 20. ISBN 9783752646337. Retrieved 2024-11-16.

Bibliography

Dini, Pietro U. (2014), Foundations of Baltic languages, translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E., Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, ISBN 978-609-437-263-6

[lingvarium.org-1] "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 13 November 2024.

[2] Dini (2014), p. 307.

[tied.verbix-3] "The Galindan language". tied.verbix. Retrieved 14 November 2024.

[4] Marija Gimbutas (1963). The Balts (PDF). Praeger. pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 2024-12-21.

[5] Dini (2014), p. 311-312.

[6] Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.

[7] Dini (2014), p. 312.

[Pospelov-8] Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov (2008). "Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 174. ISSN 0304-3487. Retrieved 2024-11-14.

[9] "В поисках реки Голедянки" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

[10] Walther Friesen (11 December 2020). "1". The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History. Books on Demand. p. 20. ISBN 9783752646337. Retrieved 2024-11-16.

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