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Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification

The Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress library classification systems are the two most common systems in the United States and among the most popular world-wide.[1] These systems organize resources like books or other media by concept and assign call numbers that are, in part used to shelve and retrieve materials.[2] The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is used predominantly in public libraries in the United States[3] while the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is used primarily in academic libraries.[4]

Characteristics

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was first published by Melvil Dewey in 1876,[5][6] and included a detailed justification for his use of decimal notation.[7] DDC decimal notation id can be expanded or reduced as needed by libraries.[5] It was designed for medium and small sized collections,[8][9] including those found in public libraries, school libraries, and small academic libraries.[10][11][12] It consists of ten numeric classes that represent broad fields of study.[11][10][3] Using numbers, each class is divided into ten divisions or subclasses.[1][3] During the cataloging process, each item is assigned a three-digit DDC number that represents class, division, and section, followed by a cutter number that identifies the author.[13] For example, the call number 813.54 M37 includes 800 for the main class of literature, 810 for the division of American literature in English, 813 for American fiction in English, and the cutter M37 for the author.[13]

The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) was introduced in 1900, based on the collection of the Library of Congress, the largest library in the world.[5][14] LCC was adopted by other institutions with larger or specialized collections, such as those found in academic libraries and research libraries.[4][5][10][12] In 2019, 81 percent of US academic libraries and 93 percent of Nigeria's academic libraries used the Library of Congress Cataloging system.[15] LCC has 21 main classes, each designated with a letter of the alphabet, excluding I, O, W, X, and Y which are used to accommodate special needs of libraries that use the classification scheme.[2][11][16] Its alpha-numeric call numbers include four parts: class/subclass, topic, cutter number, and publication date.[10][1] For example, HV4708 .R83 2011, where HV stands for social sciences, 4708 is the topic social welfare, .R83 is the cutter number which represents the author, and 2001 is the year of publication.[10]

Both classification systems are used to create a functional topical order of the resources on the library shelves.[6] They vary in their notation: DDC is a numeric classification system, while LCC is an alpha-numeric system.[17][14] LCC was developed specifically for the Library of Congress collection, while DDC was created as a system that could be adapted to a variety of library sizes and specialties.[14] D. Kent Halsted noted, "Neither scheme is perfect nor will every be."[6] As with any classification system, both DDC and LCC include the bias of their creators; in this case, both systems were developed by white, Christian, male academic scholars in late 19th century America.[18]

There are various factors that determine which classification system a library uses.[6] The global library cooperative OCLC notes that "A library should base its decision on close versus broad classification on the size of its collection and the needs of its users."[19] Usually, the size of a library's collection determines whether it selects DDC or LCC.[11] While DDC was designed for medium sized libraries,[20] LCC allows libraries will larger collections to be more specific or precise with classifications.[11][10][6] Thus, DDC is preferred by institutions with collections under 200,000, while LCC is recommended if the collection includes more than 500,000 items.[6][21] In the 1960s and early 1970s, many larger academic libraries changed from Dewey Decimal Classification to Library of Congress Classification.[22][6] After converting the college's library from DCC to LCC in 2021, West Coast Baptist College's director of library services Alyssa Sultanik concluded,

LCC tends to divide resources into smaller subclasses and may be more suitable for larger collections. Several factors can play a part in the success of LCC, such as the practicality of LCC for academic libraries, the ease of use in a specialized collection, and the ability to grow for expanding libraries and the ability to easily add new topics as needed. The collection size, depth of the materials, and intended use of the library collection should be considered when choosing between classification systems...Smaller collections may be more suited for DDC because of the classification's more generalized nature.[16]

Comparison

The following table compares the organization of resources by the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress classification systems.[3][23][24][25][26][27][28] It includes all 99 second-level (two-digit) Dewey Decimal classes (excluding 040), and all second-level (two-digit) Library of Congress classes. If a class in one system maps to several classes in the other system, it will be listed multiple times, such as DDC class 551.

Dewey Decimal Library of Congress Description Ref.
000 QA71–90 Computer science, knowledge, and general works [29]
001 A Knowledge [30]
002 Z4-659 The book [31]
003 Systems
004 QA (subrange) Data processing and computer science [29]
005 QA (subrange) Computer programming, programs, and data [29]
006 QA (subrange) Special computer methods [29]
010 Z1001–8999 Bibliography [31]
020 Z665–718.8 Library and information sciences [31]
030 AE General encyclopedic works [30]
050 AI General serials and their indexes [30]
060 AM111–160 General organization and museology [30]
070 AN News media [30]
070 PN4699–5650 Journalism [32]
070 Z278–549 Publishing [31]
080 AC General collections [30]
090 Z105–115.5 Manuscripts [31]
090 Z1019–1033 Rare books [31]
100 B Psychology and philosophy [33]
111 BD300–450 Ontology [33]
115 BD493–701 Time [33]
120 BD143–237 Epistemology [33]
120 BD? Causation [33]
120 BD? Humankind [33]
124 BD493–701 Teleology [33]
130 BF1404–2055 Paranormal phenomena and occult sciences [33]
150 BF Psychology [33]
152 HM1041–1101 Perception [34]
152 QH? Movement [29]
152 BF511–593 Emotions [33]
155 BF712–724 Developmental psychology [33]
160 BC Logic [33]
170 BJ Ethics (moral philosophy) [33]
180 B108–708 Classic philosophy [33]
181 B850–5739 Oriental philosophy [33]
182 B108–708 Ancient philosophy [33]
183 B108–708 Sophists and Socratic philosophies [33]
185 B108–708 Aristotelian philosophy [33]
186 B108–708 Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies [33]
187 B108–708 Epicurean philosophy [33]
188 B108–708 Stoic philosophy [33]
189 B720–765 Medieval Western philosophy [33]
190 B790–5802 Modern Western philosophy [33]
200 BL Religion [33]
210 BL175–265 Natural theology [33]
212 BL205–216 Nature of God [33]
220 BS Bible [33]
221 BS701–1830 Old Testament [33]
225 BS1901–2970 New Testament [33]
226 BS2547–2970? Gospels and Acts of the Apostles [33]
227 BS2640–2765.6 Epistles [33]
228 BS2547–2970? Revelation [33]
229 BS2547–2970? Apocrypha [33]
230 BR Christian theology [33]
232 BT198–590 Jesus and his family [33]
236 BT819–891 Eschatology [33]
250 BR? Christian orders and local church [33]
260 BR? Christian social theology [33]
270 BR140–1510 Christian church history [33]
280 BX? List of Christian denominations [33]
282 BX800–4795 Roman Catholic church [33]
283 BX5001–6093 Anglican churches (English and Protestant Episcopal) [33]
284 BX? Protestants of continental origin [33]
286 BX6201–6495, BX7301–7343, BX6101–6193 Baptist, Disciples of Christ, and Adventist [33]
287 BX8201–8495 Methodist and related churches [33]
289 BX7601–7795, BX7801–7843, BX8101–8144,

BX 8799–8809, BX9751–9793, BX9998

Other denominations and sects [33]
290 BL660–2680 Non-Christian religions [33]
292 BL700–820 Greek mythology and Roman mythology [33]
295 BL1500–1590 Zoroastrianism [33]
296 BM Judaism [33]
297 BP Islam, Bábísm, and Baháʼí Faith [33]
300 H Social sciences [34]
301 HM Sociology [34]
301 GN Anthropology [35]
310 HA154–473 General statistics (of parts of the world) [34]
320 J Political science [36]
327 JZ International relations [36]
330 HB Economics [34]
331 HD4801–8943 Labor economics [34]
332 HG Financial economics [34]
333 HD101–1399 Economics of land [34]
333 HD9502 Economics of energy [34]
336 HJ Public finance [34]
339 HB? Macroeconomics [34]
340 K Law [37]
341 KZ International law [37]
345 K5000–5582 Criminal law [37]
346 KB479 Private law [37]
347 K2201–2385 Civil procedure [37]
347 K2100–2385 Courts [37]
350 JF Public administration [36]
352 JS City government [36]
353 JK1–9593 U.S. federal government [36]
353 JK2403–9593 U.S. state governments [36]
355 U Military science [38]
360 H Social services and association [34]
361 HN General social problems and services [34]
362 HN Social welfare problems and services [34]
363 HN Other social problems and services [34]
364 HV6001–7220 Criminology [34]
365 HV8301–9920 Penal and related institutions [34]
366 HS Association [34]
367 HS General clubs [34]
368 K1960–1973 (Social) Insurance [37]
370 L Education [39]
371 LB3011–3095 School management [39]
371 LC3950–4806.5 Special education [39]
372 LB1501–1602 Elementary education [39]
373 LB1603–1699 Secondary education [39]
374 LC5201–6661 Adult education [39]
376 LC1401–2572 Education of women [39]
377 LC321–951 Schools and religion [39]
378 LB2300–2430 Higher education [39]
380 HF Commerce, communications, and transport [34]
382 HF1 International commerce (foreign trade) [34]
383 HE6000–7500 Postal communications [34]
384 HE Communications [34]
384 HE7601–8700.9 Telecommunication [34]
385 HE1001–5600 Railways [34]
386 HE380–560 Inland waterway [34]
386 HE5751–5870 Ferry transportation [34]
387 HE380–971 Water transportation [34]
387 HE9761–9900 Air transportation [34]
387 TL787–4050 Space transportation [40]
388 HE Transport [34]
390 GT Customs [35]
390 BJ1801–2195 Etiquette [33]
390 GR Folklore [35]
391 GT500–2370 Costume and personal appearance [35]
392 GT2400–3390.5 Customs of life cycle and private life [35]
393 GT2400–3390.5 Customs of Death [35]
395 BJ1801–2195 Etiquette [33]
398 GR Folklore [35]
400 P Language [32]
410 P101–410 Linguistics [32]
411 P327–327.5 Writing systems [32]
412 P321–324.5 Etymology [32]
414 P? Phonology phonetics [32]
415 P201–299 Grammar [32]
419 PM8001–8995 Sign language [32]
420 PE English language [32]
430 PD Germanic languages [32]
440 PC2001–3761 French language [32]
449 PC3201–3366 Provençal [32]
449 PC3801–3976 Catalan [32]
450 PC1001–1977 Italian language [32]
459 PC601–872 Romanian language [32]
459 PC901–986 Rhaeto–Romanic language [32]
460 PC4001–4977 Spanish language [32]
469 PC5001–5498 Portuguese language [32]
470 PA2001–2915 Latin language [32]
480 PA201–899 Greek language [32]
490 P501–769 Indo-European Languages [32]
492 PJ991–995 Afro-Asiatic languages [32]
494 PL1–481 Altaic languages [32]
495 PL3521–4001 Sino-Tibetan languages [32]
496 PL8000–8844 African languages [32]
497 PM101–2711 North American languages (Native American languages) [32]
498 PM3001–4566 Central American Languages (Native American languages) [32]
498 PM5001–7356 South American Languages (Native American languages) [32]
500 Q Natural sciences and mathematics [29]
510 QA Mathematics [29]
512 QA150–272 Algebra [29]
513 QA101–145 Arithmetic [29]
514 QA612–699 Topology [29]
515 QA299–433 Analysis and calculus [29]
516 QA440–611 Geometry (excluding topology) [29]
519 QA273–299 Probability, statistics, and numerical analysis [29]
520 QB Astronomy [29]
521 QB349–421 Celestial mechanics [29]
530 QC Physics [29]
531 QC120–168.85 Classical mechanics and solid mechanics [29]
532 QC120–168.85 Fluid mechanics and liquid mechanics [29]
533 QC120–168.85 Gas mechanics [29]
534 QC221–246 Sound and related vibrations [29]
535 QC350–467 Light and paraphotic phenomena [29]
536 QC251–338.5 Heat [29]
537 QC501–721 Electricity and electronics [29]
538 QC750–766 Magnetism [29]
539 QC770–798 Modern physics [29]
540 QD Chemistry and allied sciences [29]
541 QD450–801 Physical chemistry and theoretical chemistry [29]
542 QD1–65 Techniques, equipment, and materials (laboratory) [29]
543 QD71–142 Analytical chemistry [29]
544 QD71–142 Quantitative analysis (chemistry) [29]
545 QD71–142 Quantitative analysis (chemistry) [29]
546 QD146–197 Inorganic chemistry [29]
547 QD241–441 Organic chemistry [29]
548 QD0001–0999 Crystallography [29]
549 QE351–399.2 Mineralogy [29]
550 QE Earth sciences [29]
551 QE Geology [29]
551 GB651–2998 Hydrology [35]
551 QC851–999 Meteorology [29]
552 QE420–499 Petrology [29]
553 QE? Economic geology [29]
560 QE701–760 Paleontology [29]
560 QE7601–899 Paleozoology [29]
570 QH301–705.5 Life sciences – biology [29]
572 QD415–436 Biochemistry [29]
572 GN Anthropology [35]
573 GN49–298 Physical anthropology [35]
574 QH301–705.5 Biology [29]
575 QH359–425 Evolution [29]
575 QH426–470 Genetics [29]
576 QH573–671 Microbiology [29]
577 QH540–549.5 Ecology [29]
578 QH201–278.5 Microscopy in biology [29]
579 QH1–199.5 Collection and preservation (biological specimens) [29]
580 QK Botanical sciences [29]
581 QK Botany [29]
582 QK474.8–495 Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants) [29]
585 QK494–494.5 Gymnospermae (Pinophyta) [29]
586 QK504–638 Cryptogamia (seedless plants) [29]
590 QL Animals [29]
591 QL1–355 Zoology [29]
592 QL360–599.82 Invertebrates [29]
593 QL360–599.82 Protozoa, Echinodermata, and related phyla [29]
594 QL360–599.82 Mollusca and Molluscoidea [29]
595 QL360–599.82 Other invertebrates [29]
596 QL605–739.8 Vertebrata (Craniata and vertebrates) [29]
597 QL614–639.8 Fishes [29]
597 QL640–669.3 Reptiles and amphibians [29]
598 QL671–699 Aves (birds) [29]
599 QL700–739.8 Mammalia (mammals) [29]
600 T Technology (applied sciences) [40]
607 T61–173 Education [40]
607 T175–178 Research [40]
608 T201–342 Invention and patents [40]
608 Q Invention and patents [29]
610 R Medicine [41]
611 QM Human anatomy [29]
611 QH573–671 Cytology [29]
611 QM550–577.8 Histology [29]
612 QP Human physiology [29]
615 RM Pharmacology and therapeutics [41]
617 RD Surgery and related topics [41]
618 RG Gynecology [41]
618 R Other medical specialties [41]
619 R735–854 Experimental medicine [41]
620 TA Engineering and allied operations [40]
621 TJ Mechanical engineering [40]
621 QC Applied physics [29]
622 TN Mining and related operations [40]
623 UG1–620 Military engineering [38]
623 VM Nautical engineering [42]
624 TA Civil engineering [40]
TG Bridge engineering [40]
625 TF Engineering of railways [40]
625 TE Engineering of highways [40]
627 TC1–978 Hydraulic engineering [40]
628 TD Sanitary engineering [40]
628 TD159–168 Municipal engineering [40]
629 T Other branches of engineering [40]
TK Electrical engineering, electronics, and nuclear engineering [40]
TL Motor vehicles, aeronautics, and astronautix [40]
TP Chemical technology [40]
630 S Agriculture [43]
631 S1–972 Techniques, equipment, and materials [43]
632 SB599–990.5 Plant injuries, diseases, and pests [43]
633 SB317.5–319.864 Horticulture [43]
634 SB354–402 Fruits [43]
634 SD Forestry [43]
634 SB169–172.5 Orchards [43]
636 SF Animal husbandry [43]
637 SF250.5–275 Processing dairy and related products [43]
638 SF518–561 Insect culture [43]
639 SK Hunting and fishing [43]
639 S604.5–604.64 Conservation [43]
640 TX Home economics [40]
650 HD28–70 Management and auxiliary services [34]
653 Z53–102 Shorthand [31]
657 HF5601–5689 Accounting [34]
658 HD28–70 General management [34]
659 HF5801–6182 Advertising [34]
660 TP155–156 Chemical engineering [40]
670 HD9720–9975 Manufacturing [34]
680 TT Handicrafts [40]
690 TH Buildings [40]
700 N Arts [44]
708 N400–3990 Museums [44]
710 SB469–476 Landscape art [43]
720 NA Architecture [44]
730 NB Plastic arts and sculpture [44]
736 NB0001–1952 Carving and carvings [44]
738 NB0001–1952 Ceramic arts [44]
739 NB0001–1952 Metalwork [44]
740 NC Drawing [44]
740 NK Decorative arts [44]
746 NK8800–9505.5 Textile arts [44]
748 NK5100–5440 Glass [44]
749 NK2200–2750 Furniture and accessories [44]
750 ND Painting [44]
760 NE Graphic arts, printmaking, and prints [44]
761 NE1330–1352 Relief processes (block printing) [44]
763 NE2250–2570 Lithography [44]
764 NE2236–2240.6 Chromolithography and serigraphy [44]
765 NE1400–1879 Metal engraving [44]
767 NE1940–2232.5 Etching and drypoint [44]
770 TR Photography and photographs [40]
780 M Music [45]
781 MT General principles and musical forms [45]
782 M1495–5000 Vocal music [45]
783 M1528–1529.5 Music for solo voice [45]
784 M1000–1075 Orchestras and ensembles [45]
785 M1000–1075 Ensembles with one instrument per part [45]
786 MT180–255 Keyboard instrument [45]
787 MT259–338 String instruments [45]
788 MT339–533 Wind instruments [45]
790 PN1560–1590 Performing arts [32]
790 GV Recreation [35]
792 PN2000–3307 Theater and other stage presentations [32]
793 GV1221–1469.63 Indoor games and amusements [35]
795 GV1301–1311 Games of chance [35]
796 GV557–1198.995 Sport [35]
797 GV750–770.27 Air sports [35]
797 GV770.3–840 Aquatic sports [35]
799 SK Fishing, hunting, and shooting [43]
800 P Literature and rhetoric [32]
810 PS American literature [32]
820 PR English literature [32]
830 PT1–4897 German literature [32]
840 PQ0001–3999 French literature [32]
850 PQ4001–5999 Italian literature [32]
860 PQ6001–8929 Spanish literature [32]
869 PQ9000–9999 Portuguese literature [32]
870 PA6001–8595 Latin literature [32]
880 PA3050–5660 Greek literature [32]
890 PN World literature [32]
900 G Geography [35]
900 D History [46]
910 G Geography [35]
911 G141 Historical geography [35]
912 GA Graphic representations of earth (maps) [35]
914 G1791–2196 Geography of Europe [35]
915 G2200–2444 Geography of Asia [35]
916 G2445–2739 Geography of Africa [35]
917 G1105–1692 Geography of North America [35]
918 G1700–1779 Geography of South America [35]
919 G2740–2799 Geography of Oceania [47]
920 CT Biography [47]
920 CS Genealogy [47]
920 CR4480–4485 Insignia [47]
930 D51–90 History of ancient world [46]
938 DE History of the Greco-Roman World [46]
940 DAW1031–1051 History of Europe [46]
942 DA History of Britain [46]
943 DD History of Germany [46]
943.6 DB History of Austria and history of Liechtenstein [46]
943.9 DB History of Hungary [46]
944 DC History of France [46]
945 DG History of Italy [46]
946 DP History of the Iberian Peninsula [46]
947 DJK History of Eastern Europe [46]
947 DK History of Russia, Soviet Union, and former Soviet republics [46]
948 DL History of Northern Europe and history of Scandinavia [46]
949.2 DH History of the Netherlands [46]
949.3 DH History of Belgium [46]
949.4 DQ History of Switzerland [46]
949.5 DF History of Greece [46]
949.6 DR History of the Balkan peninsula [46]
950 DS General history of Asia and Far East [46]
951 DS701–799.9 History of China [46]
952 DS801–897 History of Japan [46]
953 DS201–248 History of Arabian Peninsula (history of Saudi Arabia, etc.) [46]
954 DS401–486.8 History of India [46]
955 DS251–326 History of Iran (Persia) [46]
960 DT History of Africa [46]
961 DT211–239 History of Libya [46]
961 DT241–269 History of Tunisia [46]
962 DT154.1–159.9 History of Sudan [46]
962 DT43–154 History of Egypt [46]
963 DT371–390 History of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) [46]
963 DT391–398 History of Eritrea [46]
965 DT271–299 History of Algeria [46]
966 DT470–671 History of West Africa and offshore islands [46]
967 DT? History of Central Africa and offshore islands [46]
968 DT1701–2405 History of South Africa [46]
969 DS349.8–349.9 [48] [46]
970 F History of North America [48]
971 F1001–1145.2 History of Canada [48]
972 F1421–1440 History of Central America [48]
972 F1201–1392 History of Mexico [48]
973 E History of United States [48]
980 F2201–3799 History of South America [48]
981 F2501–2659 History of Brazil [48]
982 F2801–3021 History of Argentina [48]
983 F3051–3285 History of Chile [48]
984 F3301–3359 History of Bolivia [48]
985 F3401–3619 History of Peru [48]
987 F2301–2349 History of Venezuela [48]
988 F2351–2471 History of Guiana [48]
990 DU History of Oceania [46]
993 DU400–430 History of New Zealand [46]
994 DU80–398 History of Australia [46]
995 DU490 History of Melanesia [46]
995 DU739–747 History of New Guinea [46]
803 AG Dictionaries and other general reference works [30]
069 AM Museums, collectors, and collecting [30]
050 AP Periodicals [30]
060–068 AS Academies and learned societies [30]
030 AY Yearbooks, almanacs, and directories [30]
001 AZ History of scholarship and learning, and the humanities [30]
110–140 BD Speculative philosophy [33]
111.85 BH Aesthetics [33]
200 BL Mythology [33]
230 BT Doctrinal theology [33]
240–260 BV Practical theology [33]
280 BX Christian denominations [33]
C Auxiliary sciences of history (general) [47]
909 CB History of civilization [47]
930.1 CC Archaeology [47]
929.1 – 929.3 CD Diplomatics, archives, and seals [47]
529 CE Technical chronology and calendar [47]
737 CJ Numismatics [47]
411.7 CN Inscriptions and epigraphy [47]
929.6 CR Heraldry [47]
909.0491497 DX History of Romanies [46]
551.4 GB Physical geography [35]
551.46 GC Oceanography [35]
333.7 GE Environmental sciences [35]
304 GF Human ecology and anthropogeography [35]
310 HA Social science statistics [34]
330.9 HC Economic history and conditions [34]
331–338 HD Industries, land use, and labor [34]
649.1–641.7 HQ Family, marriage, and women [34]
HT Communities, classes, and races [34]
364 HV Social pathology, social and public welfare, and criminology [34]
335 HX Socialism, communism, and anarchism [34]
J General legislative and executive papers [36]
320 JA Political science (general) [36]
320.5 JC Political theory [36]
JJ Political institutions and public administration (North America) [36]
320.973 JK Political institutions and public administration (United States) [36]
320.971 JL Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.) [36]
320.94 JN Political institutions and public administration (Europe) [36]
320.95–320.969 JQ Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.) [36]
JV Colonies and colonization, emigration and immigration, and international migration [36]
KB Religious law (general) and comparative religious law and jurisprudence [37]
KD Law of the United Kingdom, Ireland, America, and North America [37]
340.971 KE Law of Canada [37]
340.973 KF Law of United States [37]
KG Law of Latin America – Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and the Caribbean area [37]
KH Law of South America [37]
340.94 KJ–KK Law of Europe [37]
340.95–340.969 KL–KW Law of Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica [37]
370.9 LA History of education [39]
370.1 LB Theory and practice of education [39]
LC Special aspects of education [39]
378.73–378.79 LD Individual educational institutions – United States [39]
378.8 LE Individual educational institutions – America (except United States) [39]
378.4 LF Individual educational institutions – Europe [39]
378.5–378.6 LG Individual educational institutions – Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific islands [39]
378 LH College and school magazines and papers [39]
LJ Student fraternities and societies, United States [39]
LT Textbooks [39]

See also

Further reading

  • Billy, Amber; Nelson, Elizabeth; and Uhl, Rebecca. Inclusive Cataloging: Histories, Context, and Reparative Approaches. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2024. ISBN 979-8-89255-566-1.
  • Chan, Lois Mai. A Guide to the Library of Congress Classification, 6th ed. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2016. ISBN 978-1440844331.
  • Chan, Lois Mai and Salaba, Athena. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2016. ISBN 9781442232495.
  • Merkley, Carl. "The Library of Congress, Dewey Decimal, and Universal Decimal Classification Systems are Incomplete and Unsystematic". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, vol. 6, no. 4 (2011): 134–136. doi.org/10.18438/B8QK7S.
  • Satija, M. P. The Theory and Practice of the Dewey Decimal Classification System. Hull: Chandos Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1843347385.
  • Scott, Mona L. Dewey Decimal Classification: A Study Manual and Number Building Guide, 22nd edition. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2005. ISBN 978-1591582106.
  • Sroka, Marek. "Library of Congress Subject Headings, Dewey Decimal Classification and the Ambiguity of Subject Representation of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in American Knowledge Organization Systems." Central European and Balkan Studies, vol. 33 (November 21, 2024): 9–16. doi.org/10.4467/2543733XssB.24.001.20025
  • Weihs, Jean and Intner, Sheila S. Beginning Cataloging, 2nd edition. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. ISBN 9798216052197.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Cataloging Tools and Resources: Classification". American Library Association. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  2. ^ a b Francis, Frank C.; Estabrook, Leigh S. (2025-08-09). "The Dewey Decimal system". Britannica. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
  3. ^ a b c d Summaries DDC: Dewey Decimal Classification (PDF). Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-910608-71-7. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
  4. ^ a b Lavallee, Andrew (July 20, 2007). "Discord Over Dewey: A New Library in Arizona Fans a Heated Debate Over What Some Call the 'Googlization' of Libraries". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d "LibGuides: Cataloging Tools and Resources: Classification". American Library Association. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Halstead, D. Kent. "Chapter IX: College and University Libraries: Bibliographic Access" in Statewide Planning in Higher Education (DHEW Publication No. 73-17002). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974. p. 400-408.
  7. ^ Comaromi, John P. (1976), The eighteen editions of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Albany, N.Y: Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Education Foundation, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-910608-17-6, OL 4881898M
  8. ^ Hjørland, Birger (2025). "Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)". Em Questão. 31. doi:10.1590/1808-5245.31.145068. ISSN 1808-5245.
  9. ^ Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was created in 1905 based on DDC 5th edition to address the needs of large libraries.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Moeller, Kimberly (2023-10-31). "Peer Navigator Corner: Library of Congress vs. Dewey Decimal System". Library News. University of Missouri Libraries. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Comparing LC and Dewey". University of Mississippi Library. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  12. ^ a b "Call Numbers and the Library of Congress Classification System | HCC". Henderson Community College. Archived from the original on 2025-05-22. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  13. ^ a b "Basic Cataloging: Intro to Call Numbers". Internet Public Library. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
  14. ^ a b c Bullard, Eric. "Library of Congress Classification (LCC) | Research Starters". EBSCO. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
  15. ^ Lund, Brady; Agbaji, Daniel; Tijani, Solomon; Omame, Isaiah (2019-07-03). "Evaluating Knowledge Organization in Developed and Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress Classification Scheme Preference and use in the United States and Nigeria". Technical Services Quarterly. 36 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1080/07317131.2019.1621563. ISSN 0731-7131.
  16. ^ a b Sultanik, Alyssa (April 7, 2022). "Lessons learned about converting from Dewey Decimal Classification to Library of Congress Classification". The Christian Librarian. 65 (1).
  17. ^ List-Handley, Carla J. (2002). Information Research. Kendall Hunt. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7872-9057-3 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Christiansen, Andrew (2022-04-14). "SLCC switches library classifications". The Globe. Retrieved 2025-09-03. Jon Glenn, director of library services, said we … wanted to make our system more equitable and inclusive, which isn't really a question of which system was originally more biased, but rather which system...can be more easily improved upon...Any classification system is rooted in and biased by its creator and the time under which it was created. Glenn added that this applies to DDC and LCC, which were both developed in the United States during the 19th century by academic scholars who were white, male, and Christian.
  19. ^ "Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification" (PDF). OCLC. May 17, 2019. p. 37. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  20. ^ Hjørland, Birger (2025). "Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)". Em Questão. 31. doi:10.1590/1808-5245.31.145068. ISSN 1808-5245.
  21. ^ As Halstead notes, there are exceptions, with smaller institutions using LCC and larger institutions still using DDC.
  22. ^ Shorten, Jay Shorten; Seikel, Michele; Ahrberg, Janet H. (April 2005). "Why Do You Still Use Dewey? Academic Libraries that Continue with Dewey Decimal Classification". Library Resources & Technical Services. 49 (2). American Library Association. Retrieved September 1, 2025 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  23. ^ Scott, Mona L. and Alvey, Christine E. Conversion Tables: LC-Dewey, Dewey-LC. 17th edition. Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, 1993. ISBN 9781563080173
  24. ^ "Map Dewey (DDC) to LC (LCC) Classification". Questionpoint.org. OCLC. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  25. ^ "Map LC (LCC) to Dewey (DDC) Classification". Questionpoint.org. OCLC. Archived from the original on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  26. ^ "Library of Congress Classification Outline". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
  27. ^ "Dewey Decimal System – A Guide to Call Numbers". Information Sciences Virtual Library. University of Illinois Library. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
  28. ^ "Dewey Decimal vs. Library of Congress". Randolph C. Watson Library. Kilgore College. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class Q" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class A" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class Z" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class P" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class B" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class H" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class G" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class J" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class K" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  38. ^ a b "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class U" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class L" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class T" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  41. ^ a b c d e f "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class R" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  42. ^ "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class V" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class S" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class N" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class M" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class D" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class C" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Classes E and F" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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