2018 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2018.

Flora

Plants

Fungi

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Chaenotheca succina^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rikkinen & Schmidt in Rikkinen et al.	Eocene (Priabonian)	Baltic amber	Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus, a species of Chaenotheca.
Notothyrites (?) leptostrobi^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frolov in Frolov & Mashchuk	Early and Middle Jurassic	Prisayanskaya Formation	Russia	A member of the family Microthyriaceae.
Palaeomycus^[4]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Paleoambrosia^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An ambrosia fungus associated with the beetle Palaeotylus femoralis. Genus includes new species P. entomophila.
Perexiflasca^[6]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krings, Harper & Taylor	Devonian (Pragian)	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A small, chytrid-like organism. Genus includes new species P. tayloriana.
Phyllopsora magna^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & Schmidt in Kaasalainen et al.	Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A lichenized fungus, a species of Phyllopsora.
Retesporangicus^[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien in Strullu-Derrien et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Blastocladiomycota, of uncertain phylogenetic placement within the latter group. Genus includes new species R. lyonii.
Vizellopsidites^[9]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Khan, Bera & Bera	Late Pliocene to early Pleistocene	Kimin Formation	India	A fossil fungus found on the surface of fossilized leaf fragments. Genus includes new species V. siwalika.
Windipila pumila^[10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Harper	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungal reproductive unit.

Cnidarians

Research

New three dimensionally phosphatized microfossils of coronate scyphozoan Qinscyphus necopinus, including a new type of fossil embryo, are described from the Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Shao et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that Qinscyphus underwent direct development.^[11]
A study on the morphology of the conulariid species Carinachites spinatus based on a new specimen collected from the lower Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) is published by Han et al. (2018).^[12]
Revision of stony corals from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Oehrli Formation (Austria and Switzerland) is published by Baron-Szabo (2018), who compares this fauna with five additional Berriasian coral faunas.^[13]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Acropora incogtita^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky & Satanovska	Eocene		Ukraine	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Actinoseris riyadhensis^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Antheria fedorowskii^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Gorgij & Yao	Late Carboniferous		Iran	A rugose coral.
Antheria robusta^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Gorgij & Yao	Late Carboniferous		Iran	A rugose coral.
Asteroseris arabica^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Astraraeatrochus^[17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Haplaraeoidea and the family Astraraeidae. The type species is A. bachi.
Astreoidogyra^[18]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ricci, Lathuilière & Rusciadelli	Late Jurassic		Italy	A member of the family Rhipidogyridae. The type species is A. giadae.
Aulocystis wendti^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Amerboh Group	Morocco	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Aulocystidae.
Bainbridgia bipartita^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Kess-Kess Formation	Morocco	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pyrgiidae.
Battersbyia coactilis^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLean	Devonian		Canada	A rugose coral.
Battersbyia sentosa^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLean	Devonian		Canada	A rugose coral.
Cambrorhytium gracilis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chang et al.	Early Cambrian		China
Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) imamurai^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko	Miocene	Bihoku Group	Japan	A species of Caryophyllia.
Catenipora jingyangensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Katian)	Beiguoshan Formation	China	A tabulate coral.
Catenipora tiewadianensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Katian)	Beiguoshan Formation	China	A tabulate coral.
Catenipora tongchuanensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Jinghe Formation	China	A tabulate coral.
Clausastrea eliasovae^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ricci, Lathuilière & Rusciadelli	Late Jurassic		Italy	A member of the family Montlivaltiidae.
Crinopora ireneae^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae.
Crinopora thomasi^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae.
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Deltocyathoides bihokuensis^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko	Miocene	Bihoku Group	Japan	A stony coral.
Fuchungopora huilongensis^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Etoucun Formation	China	A syringoporoid tabulate coral.
Geroastrea^[17]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria France Iran	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Synastraeidae. The type species is G. alexi; genus also includes G. audiensis (Reig Oriol, 1992), G. haueri (Reuss, 1854) and G. parvistella (Oppenheim, 1930).
Gosaviaraea aimeae^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral.
Kozaniastrea^[25]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Greece	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Felixaraeoidea and the family Lamellofungiidae. The type species is K. pachysepta.
Lithophyllon comptus^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky & Satanovska	Eocene		Ukraine	A stony coral, a species of Lithophyllon.
Lonsdaleia carnica^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez, Schönlaub & Kabon	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Kirchbach Formation	Austria	A rugose coral belonging to the family Axophyllidae.
Lyrielasma landryense^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLean	Devonian		Canada	A rugose coral.
Nefocoenia seewaldi^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae.
Nefocoenia werneri^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae.
Neopilophyllia^[28]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wang in Wang et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Ningqiang Formation	China	A rugose coral belonging to the new family Amplexoididae. The type species is "Ningqiangophyllum" crassothecatum Cao (1975); genus also includes "Ningqiangophyllum" tenuiseptatum irregulare Cao (1975) (raised to the rank of a separate species Neopilophyllia irregularis), "Ningqiangophyllum" ephippium Cao (1975) and "Pilophyllia" alternata Chen in Wang et al. (1986).
Oculina complanatis^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky & Satanovska	Eocene		Ukraine	A stony coral, a species of Oculina.
Opolestraea^[30]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Morycowa	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Karchowice Beds	Poland	A stony coral belonging to the family Eckastraeidae. The type species is "Coelocoenia" exporrecta Weissermel (1925).
Pachyheterocoenia^[17]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria Spain	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Heterocoeniidae. The type species is P. leipnerae; genus also includes P. grandis (Reuss, 1854) and P. fuchsi (Felix, 1903).
Pachyphylliopsis^[17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria Iran United Arab Emirates	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae. The type species is P. magnum.
Paractinacis^[17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria Germany Spain	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Negoporitidae. The type species is P. uliae; genus might also include P. ? elegans (Reuss, 1854).
Plesiolites^[25]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Greece	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Misistelloidea. The type species is P. winnii.
Proplesiastraea rivkae^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cladocoroidea and the family Columastraeidae.
Psydracophyllum hinnuleum^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLean	Devonian		Canada	A rugose coral.
Striatopora marsupia^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Amerboh Group	Morocco	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae.
Styloheterocoenia^[25]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Greece	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Heterocoeniidae. The type species is S. hellenensis; genus also includes S. brunni.
Stylophora kibiensis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Suzuki & Taguchi	Miocene	Katsuta Group	Japan	A species of Stylophora.
Sutherlandia jamalensis^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko et al.	Early Permian	Jamal Formation	Iran	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Favositidae.
Synhydnophora^[17]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		Austria	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Synastraeidae. The type species is S. wagreichi; genus also includes and S. multilamellosa (Reuss, 1854).
Wendticyathus^[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco	A rugose coral. Genus includes new species W. nudus.
Xystriphylloides distinctus^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yu	Early Devonian		China	A rugose coral.
Xystriphyllum helenense^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLean	Devonian		Canada	A rugose coral.

Arthropods

Bryozoans

New taxa


Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Acanthodesia variegata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		Indonesia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Membraniporidae.
Calyptotheca sidneyi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		Indonesia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Bitectiporidae.
Characodoma wesselinghi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		Indonesia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Cleidochasmatidae.
Cystomeson^[36]	Gen. nov	Valid	Ernst, Krainer and Lucas	Mississippian	Lake Valley Formation	United States	A cystoporate bryozoan of the family Fistuliporidae.
Pleurocodonellina javanensis^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Early Pleistocene	Pucangan Formation	Indonesia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Smittinidae.
Turbicellepora yasuharai^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		Indonesia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Celleporidae.

Brachiopods

Research

Studies on the ontogenetic development of early acrotretoid brachiopods based on well preserved specimens of the earliest Cambrian species Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis and Eohadrotreta? zhujiahensis from the Shuijingtuo Formation (China) are published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[37]^[38]
A study on the extinction and origination of members of the order Strophomenida during the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Sclafani et al. (2018).^[39]
A study on the body size of several brachiopod assemblages recorded into the extinction interval prior to the Toarcian turnover, collected from representative localities around the Iberian Massif (Spain and Portugal), is published by García Joral, Baeza-Carratalá & Goy (2018).^[40]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Acrotreta calabozoi^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Las Plantas Formation	Argentina
Adygella socotrana^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Gaetani et al.	Middle Triassic		Yemen	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Dielasmatidae.
Ahtiella famatiniana^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto	Ordovician		Argentina
Ahtiella tunaensis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto	Ordovician		Argentina
Ala alatiformis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Choristitidae.
Alebusirhynchia vorosi^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baeza-Carratalá, Dulai & Sandoval	Early Jurassic		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Alekseevathyris^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is A. coronadosensis.
Altaethyrella tarimensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sproat & Zhan	Ordovician (late Katian)	Hadabulaktag Formation	China
Ambocoelia yidadeensis^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang & Ma	Devonian (Frasnian)	Yidade Formation	China
Arpaspirifer^[49]^[50]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		Armenia Azerbaijan	A member of the family Cyrtosririferidae. The type species is "Spirifer" latus Abrahamian (1974).
Aulacella finitima^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Eifelian–Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Betaneospirifer stepanovi^[51]^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poletaev	Carboniferous		Russia ( Bashkortostan)	A member of the family Trigonotretidae.
Biernatium sucoi^[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Givetian)	Portilla Formation	Spain	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Mystrophoridae.
Broggeria omaguaca^[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto, Lavie & Muñoz	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		Argentina
Buxtonia sulcata^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Buxtoniidae.
Callaiapsida divitiae^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Stenoscismatidae.
Calliprotonia kerrae^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Calliprotonia umbonalis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Chelononia minimauris^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Strophomenata belonging to the superfamily Orthotetoidea and the family Schuchertellidae.
Churkinella^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is C. craigensis.
Cingulodermis pustulatus^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Commarginalia norrisi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Proboscidelloidea and the family Paucispinauriidae.
Composita largitas^[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Wahoo Formation	Canada ( Yukon)
Coronadothyris^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is C. mica.
Costisorthis lisae^[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Givetian)	Candás Formation	Spain	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Dalmanellidae.
Cyrtiorina houi^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zong & Ma	Devonian (Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging to the group Spiriferida.
Cyrtospirifer dansikensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan
Dalejina aulacelliformis^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Datnella^[59]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida. The type species is D. datnensis (Baranov, 1995).
Deltachania elongata^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Athyrida belonging to the superfamily Athyroidea.
Desquamatia globosa jozefkae^[60]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Skompski et al.	Devonian (Givetian–Frasnian boundary)	Szydłówek Beds	Poland	A member of Atrypida belonging to the family Atrypidae.
Diazoma ghyumuschlugensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Frasnian)		Azerbaijan
Dichospirifer felixi^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan
Dutroproductus^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae. The type species is D. dutroi.
Echinalosia minuta^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Strophalosioidea and the family Dasyalosiidae.
Echinaria circularis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Eopholidostrophia (Megapholidostrophia) gigas^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz & Percival	Silurian (Wenlock)		Australia
Eressella^[62]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Halamski & Baliński	Middle Devonian		Germany Morocco Poland	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Uncinulidae. The type species is "Rhynchonella" coronata Kayser (1871).
Eridmatina^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous and Permian	Gaptank Formation	Canada ( Yukon) United States	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae. The type species is "Eridmatus" marathonensis Cooper & Grant (1976); genus also includes "Eridmatus" petita Waterhouse & Waddington (1982)
Ettrainia^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Choristitoidea and the family Palaeochoristitidae. The type species is E. costellata.
Flexaria echinata^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Hart River Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Buxtoniidae.
Forticosta^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Spiriferoidea and the family Neospiriferidae. The type species is F. transversa.
Gemmulicosta undulata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Buxtoniidae.
Gypidulina grandis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Eifelian–Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Harkeria elongata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Yakovleviidae.
Harkeria sulcoprofundus^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Yakovleviidae.
Hartea^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Junior homonym	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Hart River Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Ambocoeliidae. The type species is H. venustus. The generic name is preoccupied by Hartea Wright (1865).
Heella^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		China	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Ambocoeliidae. The type species is "Attenuatella" mengi He, Shi, Feng & Peng (2007)
Heteralosia scotti^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Strophalosioidea and the family Strophalosiidae.
Hustedia quadrifidus^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellata belonging to the group Retziida and the family Retziidae.
Hustedia trifida^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellata belonging to the group Retziida and the family Retziidae.
Isorthis (Arcualla) delegatensis^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz & Percival	Silurian (Wenlock)		Australia
Jagtithyris^[64]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Simon & Mottequin	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Netherlands	A relative of Leptothyrellopsis, assigned to the new family Jagtithyrididae. Genus includes "Terebratella (Morrisia?)" suessi Bosquet (1859).
Junglelomia simplex^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Choristitoidea and the family Palaeochoristitidae.
Juxathyris subcircularis^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Changxing Formation	China	A member of Athyridida.
Komiella bitteri^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Krotovia norfordi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous and Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Kukulkanus^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez, Sour-Tovar & Barragán	Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian)	Paso Hondo Formation	Mexico	A brachiopod belonging to the group Productida and the family Productidae. The type species is K. spinosus.
"Kutorginella" primigenius^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Hart River Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae.
Latisulcus^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Bone Spring Formation	United States ( Texas)	A member of Rhynchonellata belonging to the group Retziida and the family Retziidae. The type species is "Hustedia" hessensis King (1931)
Leiochonetes onimarensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Hikoroichi Formation	Japan	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae belonging to the subfamily Svalbardiinae.
Leptaena (Leptaena) australis^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz & Percival	Silurian (Wenlock)		Australia
Leurosina katasumiensis^[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva, Jun-Ichi & Yukio	Permian (Kungurian)	Nabeyama Formation	Japan	A member of Chonetida belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Levipustula canadensis^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Strophalosiidina belonging to the superfamily Scacchinelloidea and the family Levipustulidae.
Martinezchaconia^[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae. The type species is M. luisae.
Meristorygma donakovae^[51]^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poletaev	Carboniferous	Kizil Formation	Russia	A member of the family Brachythyrididae.
Mirandifera^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Cathedral Mountain Formation	Canada ( Yukon) United States ( Texas)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae. The type species is "Martinia" miranda Cooper & Grant (1976); genus also includes "Martinia" wolfcampensis King (1931)
Misunithyris^[70]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baeza-Carratalá, Pérez-Valera & Pérez-Valera	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Siles Formation	Spain	A brachiopod belonging to the group Terebratellidina and to the superfamily Zeillerioidea. The type species is M. goyi.
Morinorhynchus tucksoni^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz & Percival	Silurian (Wenlock)		Australia
Muirwoodiciana^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Yakovleviidae. The type species is M. inexpectans.
Musalitinispira^[59]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida. The type species is M. dogdensis.
Mysteronia^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Rhynchoporoidea and the family Rhynchoporidae. The type species is M. mysticus.
Nahoniella decorus^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the group Syringothyridina and the family Licharewiidae.
Nassichukia^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Buxtoniidae. The type species is N. nodosa.
Nazeriproductus lazarevi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae.
Neochonetes (Huangichonetes) matsukawensis^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa & Araki	Permian (Wordian)	Kamiyasse Formation	Japan	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Newberria alaskensis^[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae.
Nucleospira quidongensis^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz & Percival	Silurian (Wenlock)		Australia
Ogilviecoelia initiatus^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Ambocoeliidae.
Ogilviecoelia shii^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Ambocoeliidae.
Opsiconidion bouceki^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl, Frýda & Kubajko	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Kopanina Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Acrotretoidea belonging to the family Biernatidae.
Opsiconidion parephemerus^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl, Frýda & Kubajko	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Kopanina Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Acrotretoidea belonging to the family Biernatidae.
Orthotetes dorsosulcata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Strophomenata belonging to the superfamily Orthotetoidea and the family Orthotetidae.
Papulifera^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae. The type species is P. plana.
Paucispinifera abramovi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae.
Paucispinifera carboniferica^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae.
Paucispinifera sulcata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae.
Pinguispirifer kesskess^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Piridiorhynchus jafariani^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Trigonirhynchiidae.
Plicatospiriferella undulata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Poletaevia^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Hare Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Paucispiniferoidea and the family Anidanthidae. The type species is "Liraria" paucispina Carter & Poletaev (1998)
Pripyatispirifer caucasius^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Frasnian)		Azerbaijan
Protoanidanthus monstratus^[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Paucispiniferoidea and the family Anidanthidae.
Protoanidanthus nichollsi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Paucispiniferoidea and the family Anidanthidae.
Pumilusia^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	La Prasada Formation	United States ( New Mexico)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Linoproductoidea and the family Ovatiidae. The type species is "Linoproductus" pumilus Sutherland & Harlow (1973)
Punctospirifer iwatensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Hikoroichi Formation	Japan	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Punctospiriferidae.
Resserella dagnensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Emsian–Eifelian)		Azerbaijan
Reticulariopsis rotunda^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Rhipidomella arpensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Rhipidomella borealis^[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Wahoo Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae.
Rhynchopora grigorievae^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Rhynchoporoidea and the family Rhynchoporidae.
Rhynchoporusia^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Hart River Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Rhynchoporoidea and the family Rhynchoporidae. The type species is R. multiplicata.
Rorespirifer prodigium^[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Ingelarelloidea and the family Rorespiriferidae.
Rugaria arcula^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Rugivestigia^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae. The type species is R. commarginalis.
Rugosochonetes multistriatus^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva in Alekseeva et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Azerbaijan
Saltospirifer gibberosus^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Blackie Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Spiriferoidea and the family Spiriferidae.
Sangredonia alaminata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Horridoniidae.
Sarytchevinella praecursor^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Linoproductoidea and the family Striatiferidae.
Schizambon langei^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Freeman, Miller & Dattilo	Cambrian–Ordovician boundary		United States ( Texas)	A linguliform brachiopod.
Schizophoria lata^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Emsian–Eifelian)		Azerbaijan
Schizophoria schnuri altera^[49]^[50]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Septatrypa tumulorum^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński & Halamski	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Septospirifer hughi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Spiriferoidea and the family Neospiriferidae.
Sieberella parva^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alekseeva & Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Emsian–Eifelian)		Azerbaijan
Sphenospira dansikensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gretchishnikova in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan
Spinatrypina (Spinatrypina) krivensis^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida.
Spinocyrtia irinae^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Eifelian and Givetian)		Azerbaijan
Spirelytha biakovi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Elitoidea and the family Toryniferidae.
Spiriferinaella simplicata^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous and Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Paeckelmanelloidea and the family Pterospiriferidae.
Stataria^[44]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Cathedral Mountain Formation	United States ( Texas)	A member of Rhynchonellata belonging to the group Retziida and the family Retziidae. The type species is "Hustedia" stataria Cooper & Grant (1976)
Stenorhynchia ulrici^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Halamski & Baliński	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Tegulispirifer? placitus^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Spiriferoidea and the family Spiriferidae.
Tethysiella impudens^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae.
Thomasaria caucasica^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Eifelian)		Azerbaijan
Trigonatrypa drotae^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco
Tuberculatella bunnakia^[44]	Nom. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous		Thailand	A member of Productida belonging to the family Avoniidae; a replacement name for Tuberculatella tuberculata Waterhouse (1982).
Tubersulculus ovalis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Tumarinia solominae^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the group Syringothyridina and the family Licharewiidae.
Undispirifer dansikensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva in Alekseeva et al.	Devonian (Eifelian)		Azerbaijan
Unispirifer arpensis^[49]^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva in Alekseeva et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Azerbaijan
Villaconcha planiconcha^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Echinoconchoidea and the family Waagenoconchidae.
Yanzaria^[44]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous and Permian	Fenestella Shales	Canada ( Yukon) India	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Tetracameridae. The type species is "Camarophoria" dowhatensis Diener (1915); genus also includes new species Y. solitarius.
Yukonalosia^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Strophalosioidea and the family Dasyalosiidae. The type species is Y. arctica.
Zaigunrostrum nakhichevanense^[76]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pakhnevich	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan	A brachiopod belonging to the group Rhynchonellida and the family Trigonirhynchiidae.
Zezinia^[76]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pakhnevich	Devonian (Frasnian)		Azerbaijan	A brachiopod belonging to the group Rhynchonellida and the family Uncinulidae. The type species is Z. multicostata.

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Conodonts

Research

A study testing the proposed models of growth of conodont elements is published by Shirley et al. (2018).^[77]
A study on the histological sections of Ordovician and Permian conodont dental elements from the Bell Canyon Formation (Texas, United States), Harding Sandstone (Colorado, United States), Ali Bashi Formation (Iran) and Canadian Arctic, examining those fossils for the presence and distribution of soft tissue biomarkers, is published by Terrill, Henderson & Anderson (2018).^[78]
A study evaluating the δ¹⁸O variation within a species-rich conodont assemblage from the Ordovician (Floian) Factory Cove Member of the Shallow Bay Formation, Cow Head Group (western Newfoundland, Canada), as well as assessing the implications of these data for determining the paleothermometry of ancient oceans and conodont ecologic models, is published by Wheeley et al. (2018).^[79]^[80]^[81]
A study on the body size and diversity of Carnian conodonts from South China and their implications for inferring the biotic and environmental changes during the Carnian Pluvial Event is published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[82]
A study assessing the similarity of late Paleozoic to Triassic conodont faunas known from the Cache Creek terrane (Canada) is published by Golding (2018).^[83]
Reconstruction of the multi-element apparatus of the Middle Triassic conodont from British Columbia (Canada) belonging to the Neogondolella regalis group within the genus Neogondolella is presented by Golding (2018).^[84]
Reconstruction of the number and arrangement of elements in the apparatus of Hindeodus parvus published by Zhang et al. (2017)^[85] is criticized by Agematsu, Golding & Orchard (2018);^[86] Purnell et al. (2018) defend their original conclusions.^[87]
A cluster of icriodontid conodonts belonging to the species Caudicriodus woschmidti, providing new information on the apparatus structure of icriodontid conodonts, is described from the Lower Devonian sediments in southern Burgenland (Austria) by Suttner, Kido & Briguglio (2018).^[88]
A study on the species belonging to the genus Neognathodus, evaluating whether previously defined morphotype groups are reliably distinct from one another, is published by Zimmerman, Johnson & Polly (2018).^[89]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Ancyrogondolella diakowi^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella equalis^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella inequalis^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella? praespiculata^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella transformis^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Baltoniodus cooperi^[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Carlorosi, Sarmiento & Heredia	Ordovician (Dapingian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina
Declinognathodus intermedius^[92]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Nemyrovska	Carboniferous		China
Declinognathodus tuberculosus^[92]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Nemyrovska	Carboniferous		China
Gedikella^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Turkey	A member of the family Gondolellidae. The type species is G. quadrata.
Gnathodus mirousei^[94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanz-López & Blanco-Ferrera	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Alba Formation Aspe-Brousset Formation Black Rock Limestone	Belgium China Ireland Italy Spain United Kingdom United States ( Illinois)
Idiognathodus abdivitus^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	United States ( New Mexico)	Originally described as a species of Idiognathodus, but subsequently transferred to the genus Heckelina.^[96]
Idiognathodus centralis^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	United States ( New Mexico)
Idiognathodus sweeti^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	United States ( New Mexico)
Idiognathoides chaagulootus^[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frederick & Barrick	Carboniferous (early Pennsylvanian)	Ladrones Limestone	United States ( Alaska)
Kamuellerella rectangularis^[93]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Turkey	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ketinella goermueshi^[93]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Turkey	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Magnigondolella^[98]	Gen. et 5 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Favret Formation Toad Formation	Canada ( British Columbia) China United States ( Nevada)	A member of the family Gondolellidae. The type species is M. salomae; genus also includes new species M. alexanderi, M. cyri, M. julii and M. nebuchadnezzari, as well as "Neogondolella" regale Mosher (1970) and "Neogondolella" dilacerata Golding & Orchard (2016).
Mesogondolella hendersoni^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yuan, Zhang & Shen	Permian (Changhsingian)	Selong Group	China
Mockina? spinosa^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Neopolygnathus fibula^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hartenfels & Becker	Devonian (Famennian)		Morocco
Neospathodus arcus^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	Japan
Novispathodus shirokawai^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	Japan
Novispathodus tahoensis^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	Japan
'Ozarkodina'? chenae^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	China
'Ozarkodina'? wuxuanensis^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	China
Polygnathus linguiformis saharicus^[103]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (late Eifelian–middle Givetian)	Ispena Formation Si Phai Formation	Morocco Spain Tajikistan Turkey Vietnam
Polygnathus linguiformis vietnamicus^[103]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Plum Brook Shale Si Phai Formation	Germany Morocco United States ( Ohio) Vietnam
Polygnathus praeinversus^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	China
Polygnathus rhenanus siphai^[103]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Candás Formation Si Phai Formation	China Morocco Spain Vietnam
Polygnathus xylus bacbo^[103]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Si Phai Formation	Vietnam
Pseudognathodus posadachaconae^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Prestatyn Limestone	United Kingdom	A member of the family Gnathodontidae.
Pseudopolygnathus primus tafilensis^[100]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Hartenfels & Becker	Devonian (Famennian)		Morocco
Pustulognathus^[105]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard in Golding	Permian (Guadalupian to Lopingian)	Copley Limestone Horsefeed Formation	Canada ( British Columbia) China?	A member of the family Sweetognathidae. The type species is P. monticola; genus also includes P. vigilans.
Quadralella (Quadralella) postica^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China
Quadralella robusta^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China
Quadralella wignalli^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China
Quadralella yongningensis^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China
Scandodus choii^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		South Korea
Sweetognathus duplex^[108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Read & Nestell	Permian (Sakmarian)	Riepe Spring Limestone	United States ( Nevada)
Sweetognathus wardlawi^[108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Read & Nestell	Permian (Sakmarian)	Riepe Spring Limestone	United States ( Nevada)
"Tortodus" sparlingi^[109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Aboussalam & Becker in Brett et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Poland Spain United States ( Kentucky Ohio)
Walliserognathus^[110]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Corradini & Corriga	Silurian (Ludlow)	Henryhouse Formation Roberts Mountains Formation	Austria China Hungary Italy Spain Sweden United States ( Nevada Oklahoma)	A member of the family Spathognathodontidae; a new genus for Spathognathodus inclinatus posthamatus Walliser (1964), raised to the rank of the species Walliserognathus posthamatus.

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

A description of the postcranial material referable to the caseid species Ennatosaurus tecton is published by Romano, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).^[111]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Milosaurus mccordi is published by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).^[112]
A skull of a juvenile specimen of Anteosaurus magnificus is described from the Permian Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa) by Kruger, Rubidge & Abdala (2018).^[113]
A study on the evolution of the trigeminal nerve innervation in anomodonts is published by Benoit et al. (2018).^[114]
A study on the stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of dentine apatite in the teeth of twenty-eight specimens of Diictodon feliceps, and on their implications for inferring the potential role of climate in driving the late Capitanian mass extinction of terrestrial tetrapods, is published by Rey et al. (2018).^[115]
Description of the anatomy of six new skulls of the dicynodont Abajudon kaayai from the Permian (Guadalupian) lower Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Olroyd, Sidor & Angielczyk (2018).^[116]
A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the specimens of the dicynodont genus Endothiodon collected from the Permian K5 Formation (Mozambique), comparing it with the closely related genus Niassodon, is published by Araújo et al. (2018).^[117]
A study on the taphonomic history of a monotypic bonebed composed by several individuals attributable to the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus collected in a classic Middle Triassic locality in Brazil, and on its implications for inferring possible gregarious behaviour in Dinodontosaurus, is published online by Ugalde et al. (2018).^[118]
Redescription of the dicynodont genus Sangusaurus and a study on its feeding system and phylogenetic relationships is published by Angielczyk, Hancox & Nabavizadeh (2018).^[119]
Partial hindlimb of a dicynodont nearing the size of Stahleckeria potens is described from the Triassic Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Tanzania) by Kammerer, Angielczyk & Nesbitt (2018), representing the largest dicynodont postcranial element from the Manda Beds reported so far.^[120]
Description of plant remains and palynomorphs preserved in the coprolites produced by large dicynodonts from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina), and a study on their implications for inferring the diet of dicynodonts, is published by Perez Loinaze et al. (2018).^[121]
Tetrapod tracks, probably produced by dicynodonts, are described from the Upper Triassic Vera Formation of the Los Menucos Group (Argentina) by Citton et al. (2018).^[122]
A study on the age of putative Rhaetian dicynodont from Lipie Śląskie (Poland) is published online by Racki & Lucas (2018), who consider it more likely that this dicynodont was of Norian age.^[123]
A study on the anatomy of the skull of Cynariops robustus is published by Bendel et al. (2018).^[124]
A study on rates of enamel development in a range of non-mammalian cynodont species, inferred from incremental markings, is published by O'Meara, Dirks & Martinelli (2018).^[125]
Description of the morphology of the skull of Cynosaurus suppostus and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by van den Brandt & Abdala (2018).^[126]
Fossils of Cynognathus crateronotus are described for the first time from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) and Manda Beds (Tanzania) by Wynd et al. (2018).^[127]
A study on the postcranial anatomy of a specimen of Diademodon tetragonus recovered from the Upper Omingonde Formation (Namibia) is published by Gaetano, Mocke & Abdala (2018).^[128]
Partial skull and postcranial skeleton of a member of the species Cricodon metabolus is described from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) by Sidor & Hopson (2018), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of members of the family Trirachodontidae.^[129]
A study on the musculature, posture and range of motion of the forelimb of Massetognathus pascuali is published by Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2018).^[130]
New specimen of Trucidocynodon riograndensis, almost 20% larger than the holotype specimen, is described from the Carnian of Candelária Sequence (southern Brazil) by Stefanello et al. (2018).^[131]
Right dentary with teeth of Prozostrodon brasiliensis is described from the Late Triassic of Brazil by Pacheco et al. (2018), representing the second known specimen of this species.^[132]
Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Prozostrodon brasiliensis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2018).^[133]
A study on the limb bone histology and life histories of Prozostrodon brasiliensis, Irajatherium hernandezi, Brasilodon quadrangularis and Brasilitherium riograndensis is published by Botha-Brink, Bento Soares & Martinelli (2018).^[134]
A study on the origin and relationships of ictidosaurian cynodonts, i.e. tritheledontids and therioherpetids, is published by Bonaparte & Crompton (2018).^[135]
A large (comprising at least 38 individuals) clutch of well-preserved perinates of Kayentatherium wellesi, found with a presumed maternal skeleton, is described from the Lower Jurassic sediments of the Kayenta Formation (found on lands of the Navajo Nation) by Hoffman & Rowe (2018);^[136] in light of this finding, a new interpretation of earlier records of associations between adult and juvenile cynodonts is proposed by Benoit (2019).^[137]
Cynodont teeth (representing a brasilodontid and a Riograndia-like form) found in the Triassic locality in Brazil which also yielded the fossils of Sacisaurus agudoensis are described by Marsola et al. (2018).^[138]
A study on the evolution of the mammalian jaw is published by Lautenschlager et al. (2018), who find no evidence for a concurrent reduction in jaw-joint stress and increase in bite force in key non-mammaliaform taxa in the cynodont–mammaliaform transition.^[139]
Tetrapod burrows, likely produced by small eucynodonts, are described from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina) by Fiorelli et al. (2018).^[140]
A study on the morphological diversity of vertebral regions in non-mammalian synapsids, and on its implication for elucidating the evolution of anatomically distinct regions of the mammalian spines, is published by Jones et al. (2018).^[141]
A study on teeth ontogeny in wide range of extinct synapsid lineages is published by LeBlanc et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the ligamentous tooth attachment system is not unique to crown mammals within Synapsida.^[142]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Ascendonanus^[143]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler et al.	Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian transition)	Chemnitz petrified forest (Leukersdorf Formation)	Germany	A member of the family Varanopidae. Genus includes new species A. nestleri.
Gordodon^[144]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lucas, Rinehart & Celeskey	Early Permian (early Wolfcampian)	Bursum Formation	United States ( New Mexico)	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. The type species is G. kraineri.
Gorynychus^[145]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Masyutin	Permian	Kotelnich red beds	Russia ( Kirov Oblast)	A therocephalian. The type species is G. masyutinae.
Leucocephalus^[146]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Day et al.	Permian (early Wuchiapingian)	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Main Karoo Basin	South Africa	A biarmosuchian belonging to the family Burnetiidae. The type species is L. wewersi.
Lisowicia^[147]	Gen. et sp. nov		Sulej & Niedźwiedzki	Late Triassic (late Norian-earliest Rhaetian)		Poland	A gigantic dicynodont reaching an estimated body mass of 9 tons. The type species is L. bojani. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.
Microvaranops^[143]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler et al.	Permian (Guadalupian)	Abrahamskraal Formation	South Africa	A member of the family Varanopidae. Genus includes new species M. parentis.
Nochnitsa^[148]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Masyutin	Permian	Kotelnich red beds	Russia ( Kirov Oblast)	A gorgonopsian. The type species is N. geminidens.
Pentasaurus^[149]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer	Late Triassic	Elliot Formation	South Africa	A dicynodont belonging to the family Stahleckeriidae. The type species is P. goggai.
Polonodon^[150]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Poland	A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Siriusgnathus^[151]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pavanatto et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian or Norian^[152])	Santa Maria Supersequence	Brazil	A traversodontid cynodont. Genus includes new species S. niemeyerorum.

Mammals

Other animals

Research

A review and synthesis of studies on the timing and environmental context of landmark events in early animal evolution is published by Sperling & Stockey (2018).^[153]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs as indicated by what is known of the ontogeny of the rangeomorph Charnia masoni, dickinsoniomorph Dickinsonia costata and erniettomorph Pteridinium simplex is published by Dunn, Liu & Donoghue (2018), who consider at least the rangeomorphs and dickinsoniomorphs to be metazoans.^[154]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs is published by Dececchi et al. (2018).^[155]
A study on the size distribution and morphological features of a population of juvenile specimens of Dickinsonia costata from the Crisp Gorge fossil locality in the Flinders Ranges (Australia) is published by Reid, García-Bellido & Gehling (2018).^[156]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Dickinsonia based on data from lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that Dickinsonia was an animal.^[157]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Stromatoveris, based on data from new specimens from the Chengjiang Konservat-Lagerstätte (China), is published by Hoyal Cuthill & Han (2018), who interpret Stromatoveris as a member of early animal group Petalonamae that also included Arborea, Pambikalbae, rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs.^[158]
The first reliable occurrence of abundant penetrative trace fossils, providing trace fossil evidence for Precambrian bilaterians with complex behavioural patterns, is reported from the latest Ediacaran of western Mongolia by Oji et al. (2018).^[159]
Trace fossils produced by Ediacaran animals which burrowed within sediment are described from the shallow-marine deposits of the Urusis Formation (Nama Group, Namibia) by Buatois et al. (2018), who name a new ichnotaxon Parapsammichnites pretzeliformis.^[160]
New trace fossils from the Ediacaran Shibantan Member of the upper Dengying Formation (China), including burrows and possible trackways which were probably made by millimeter-sized animals with bilateral appendages, are described by Chen et al. (2018).^[161]
An aggregation of members of the genus Parvancorina, providing evidence of two size-clusters and bimodal orientation in this taxon, is described from the Ediacara Conservation Park (Australia) by Coutts et al. (2018).^[162]
New, three-dimensional specimens of Charniodiscus arboreus (Arborea arborea), allowing for a detailed reinterpretation of its functional morphology and taxonomy, are described from the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite of South Australia by Laflamme, Gehling & Droser (2018).^[163]
3D reconstructions of Cloudina aggregates are presented by Mehra & Maloof (2018).^[164]
A study on Namacalathus and Cloudina skeletons from the Ediacaran Omkyk Member of the Nama Group (Namibia) is published by Pruss et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that both organisms originally produced aragonitic skeletons, which later underwent diagenetic conversion to calcite.^[165]
A study on the substrate growth dynamics, mode of biomineralization and possible affinities of Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Wood & Penny (2018).^[166]
A review of evidence for existence of swimming animals during the Neoproterozoic is published by Gold (2018).^[167]
A study on the age of the Cambrian Chengjiang biota (China) is published by Yang et al. (2018).^[168]
Description of coprolites from the Cambrian (Drumian) Rockslide Formation (Mackenzie Mountains, Canada) produced by an unknown predator, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the Cambrian food web, is published by Kimmig & Pratt (2018).^[169]
A study on the nature and biological affinity of the Cambrian taxon Archaeooides is published by Yin et al. (2018), who interpret the fossils of Archaeooides as embryonic remains of animals.^[170]
Zumberge et al. (2018) report a new fossil sterane biomarker, possessing a rare hydrocarbon skeleton that is uniquely found within extant demosponge taxa, from late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian sedimentary rocks and oils, and interpret this finding as indicating that demosponges, and hence multicellular animals, were prominent in some late Neoproterozoic marine environments at least extending back to the Cryogenian period.^[171]
Diverse, abundant sponge fossils from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval are reported from seven localities in South China by Botting et al. (2018), who produce a model for the distribution and preservation of the sponge fauna.^[172]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil demosponges is published by Schuster et al. (2018).^[173]
An assemblage of animal fossils, including the oldest known pterobranchs, preserved in the form of small carbonaceous fossils is described from the Cambrian Buen Formation (Greenland) by Slater et al. (2018).^[174]
Description of new morphological features of the Cambrian mobergellan Discinella micans is published by Skovsted & Topper (2018).^[175]
A study on the interrelationships between the eldonioid Pararotadiscus guizhouensis and associated fossil taxa from the Kaili Biota is published by Zhao et al. (2018).^[176]
A study on the slab with a dense aggregation of members of the species Banffia constricta recovered from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (Canada) and its implications for life habits of the animal is published by Chambers & Brandt (2018).^[177]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi, based on new specimens, is published by Li et al. (2018).^[178]
A study on the fossil record of early Paleozoic graptoloids and on the factors influencing rates of diversification within this group is published by Foote et al. (2018).^[179]
A study on the impact of the long-period astronomical cycles (Milankovitch "grand cycles") associated with Earth's orbital eccentricity and obliquity on the variance in species turnover probability (extinction probability plus speciation probability) in Early Paleozoic graptoloids is published by Crampton et al. (2018).^[180]
A redescription of the species Malongitubus kuangshanensis from the Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (China) is published by Hu et al. (2018), who interpret this taxon as a pterobranch.^[181]
A study on the morphology of the palaeoscolecid worm Palaeoscolex from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Lagerstätte (Morocco), using computed microtomography and providing new information on the internal anatomy of this animal, is published by Kouraiss et al. (2018).^[182]
The first occurrence of the tommotiid species Paterimitra pyramidalis from the Xinji Formation (China) is reported by Pan et al. (2018).^[183]
A study on the temporal distribution of lophotrochozoan skeletal species from the upper Ediacaran to the basal Miaolingian of the Siberian Platform, and on its implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Cambrian explosion, is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2018).^[184]
Eggs of ascaridoid nematodes found in crocodyliform coprolites are described from the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group (Brazil) by Cardia et al. (2018).^[185]
A study reinterpreting the putative Cambrian lobopodian Mureropodia apae as a partial isolated appendage of a member of the genus Caryosyntrips, published by Pates & Daley (2017)^[186] is criticized by Gámez Vintaned & Zhuravlev (2018);^[187] Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2018) defend their original conclusions.^[188]
A study on the early evolution of stem and crown-arthropods as indicated by Ediacaran and Cambrian body and trace fossils is published by Daley et al. (2018).^[189]
A study on the evolution of ecdysozoan vision, focusing on the evolution of arthropod multi-opsin vision, as indicated by molecular data and data from fossil record, is published by Fleming et al. (2018).^[190]
A juvenile specimen of Lyrarapax unguispinus, providing new information on the frontal appendages and feeding mode in this taxon, is described from the Cambrian Chiungchussu Formation (China) by Liu et al. (2018).^[191]
A study evaluating likely swimming efficiency and maneuverability of Anomalocaris canadensis is published by Sheppard, Rival & Caron (2018).^[192]
Cambrian animal Pahvantia hastata from the Wheeler Shale (Utah, United States), originally classified as a possible arthropod,^[193] is reinterpreted as a suspension-feeding radiodont by Lerosey-Aubril & Pates (2018).^[194]
The presence of metameric midgut diverticulae is reported for the first time in the stem-arthropod Fuxianhuia protensa by Ortega-Hernández et al. (2018), who interpret their finding as indicative of a predatory or scavenging ecology of fuxianhuiids.^[195]
Liu et al. (2018) reinterpret putative remains of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in numerous articulated individuals of Fuxianhuia protensa as more likely to be microbial

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