2,3-Butanediol

2,3-Butanediol
	2,3-butanediol
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Butane-2,3-diol
	Other names 2,3-Butylene glycol; Pseudobutylene glycol; 2,3-Dihydroxybutane; Butan-2,3-diol; Diethanol[citation needed] & Bis-ethanol
Identifiers
CAS Number	513-85-9 ; 19132-06-0 (2S,3S)-(+) ; 24347-58-8 (2R,3R)-(−) ; 5341-95-7 (2R,3S) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:62064 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL2312529;
ChemSpider	257 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.431
EC Number	208-173-6;
PubChem CID	262;
UNII	45427ZB5IJ ; 7E9UXG71S1 (2S,3S)-(+) ; OR02B2286A (2R,3R)-(−) ; F5IA8X9O8M (2R,3S) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8041321 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H10O2/c1-3(5)4(2)6/h3-6H,1-2H3 Key: OWBTYPJTUOEWEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES CC(C(C)O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H10O2
Molar mass	90.122 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Odor	odorless
Density	0.987 g/mL
Melting point	19 °C (66 °F; 292 K)
Boiling point	177 °C (351 °F; 450 K)
Solubility in water	Miscible
Solubility in other solvents	Soluble in alcohol, ketones, ether
log P	−0.92
Vapor pressure	0.23 hPa (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	14.9
Refractive index (nD)	1.4366
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	213.0 J/K mol
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−544.8 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 0
Flash point	85 °C (185 °F; 358 K)
Autoignition; temperature	402 °C (756 °F; 675 K)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	5462 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Related butanediols	1,4-Butanediol; 1,3-Butanediol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

2,3-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula (CH₃CHOH)₂. It is classified as a vic-diol (glycol). It exists as three stereoisomers, a chiral pair and the meso isomer. All are colorless liquids. Applications include precursors to various plastics and pesticides.

Isomerism

Of the three stereoisomers, two are enantiomers (levo- and dextro-2,3-butanediol) and one is a meso compound.^[1]^[2] The enantiomeric pair have (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3S) configurations at carbons 2 and 3, while the meso compound has configuration (2R, 3S) or, equivalently, (2S, 3R).

Industrial production and uses

2,3-Butanediol is prepared by hydrolysis of 2,3-epoxybutane:^[3]

(CH₃CH)₂O + H₂O → CH₃(CHOH)₂CH₃

The isomer distribution depends on the stereochemistry of the epoxide.

The meso isomer is used to combine with naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate. The resulting polyurethane is called "Vulkollan".^[3]

Biological production

The (2R,3R)-stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms in a process known as butanediol fermentation.^[4] It is found naturally in cocoa butter, in the roots of Ruta graveolens, sweet corn, and in rotten mussels. It is used in the resolution of carbonyl compounds in gas chromatography.^[5]

During World War II research was done towards producing 2,3-butanediol by fermentation in order to produce 1,3-butadiene, the monomer of the polybutadiene used in a leading type of synthetic rubber.^[6] It can be derived from the fermentation of sugarcane molasses.^[7]

Fermentative production of 2,3-butanediol from carbohydrates involves a network of biochemical reactions that can be manipulated to maximize production.^[8]

2,3-butanediol has been proposed as a rocket fuel that could be created on Mars by means of cyanobacteria and E. coli, shipped from Earth, working on resources available at the surface of Mars.^[9]

2,3-Butanediol has been detected, in peppers, grape wine, anatidaes.

Reactions

2,3-Butanediol undergo dehydration to form butanone (methyl ethyl ketone):^[10]

(CH₃CHOH)₂ → CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₃ + H₂O

It can also undergo deoxydehydration to form butene:^[11]

(CH₃CHOH)₂ + 2 H₂ → C₄H₈ + 2 H₂O

References

^ Boutron P (1992). "Cryoprotection of red blood cells by a 2,3-butanediol containing mainly the levo and dextro isomers". Cryobiology. 29 (3): 347–358. doi:10.1016/0011-2240(92)90036-2. PMID 1499320.
^ Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P (2014). "Glycerol dehydrogenase plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (9): 6080–6090. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.525535. PMC 3937674. PMID 24429283.
^ ^a ^b Heinz Gräfje, Wolfgang Körnig, Hans-Martin Weitz, Wolfgang Reiß, Guido Steffan, Herbert Diehl, Horst Bosche, Kurt Schneider and Heinz Kieczka "Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_455
^ C. De Mas; N. B. Jansen; G. T. Tsao (1988). "Production of optically active 2,3-butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31 (4): 366–377. doi:10.1002/bit.260310413. PMID 18584617. S2CID 36530193.
^ "3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid". Combined Chemical Dictionary. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. 2007.
^ "Fermentation Derived 2,3-Butanediol", by Marcio Voloch et al. in Comprehensive Biotechnology, Pergamon Press Ltd., England Vol 2, Section 3, p. 933 (1986).
^ Dai, Jian-Ying; Zhao, Pan; Cheng, Xiao-Long; Xiu, Zhi-Long (2015). "Enhanced Production of 2,3-Butanediol from Sugarcane Molasses". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 175 (6): 3014–3024. doi:10.1007/s12010-015-1481-x. ISSN 0273-2289. PMID 25586489. S2CID 11287904.
^ Jansen, Norman B.; Flickinger, Michael C.; Tsao, George T. (1984). "Application of bioenergetics to modelling the microbial conversion of D-xylose to 2,3-butanediol". Biotechnol Bioeng. 26 (6): 573–582. doi:10.1002/bit.260260603. PMID 18553372. S2CID 22878894.
^ "Rocket fuel made on Mars could propel astronauts back to Earth", Design Products & Applications, accessed 6 December 2021.
^ Nikitina, Maria A.; Ivanova, Irina I. (2016-02-23). "Conversion of 2,3-Butanediol over Phosphate Catalysts". ChemCatChem. 8 (7): 1346–1353. doi:10.1002/cctc.201501399. ISSN 1867-3880. S2CID 102135312.
^ Kwok, Kelvin Mingyao; Choong, Catherine Kai Shin; Ong, Daniel Sze Wei; Ng, Joy Chun Qi; Gwie, Chuandayani Gunawan; Chen, Luwei; Borgna, Armando (2017-06-07). "Hydrogen-Free Gas-Phase Deoxydehydration of 2,3-Butanediol to Butene on Silica-Supported Vanadium Catalysts". ChemCatChem. 9 (13): 2443–2447. doi:10.1002/cctc.201700301. ISSN 1867-3880. S2CID 99415384.

[pmid1499320-1] Boutron P (1992). "Cryoprotection of red blood cells by a 2,3-butanediol containing mainly the levo and dextro isomers". Cryobiology. 29 (3): 347–358. doi:10.1016/0011-2240(92)90036-2. PMID 1499320.

[pmid24429283-2] Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P (2014). "Glycerol dehydrogenase plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (9): 6080–6090. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.525535. PMC 3937674. PMID 24429283.

[Ullmann-3] Heinz Gräfje, Wolfgang Körnig, Hans-Martin Weitz, Wolfgang Reiß, Guido Steffan, Herbert Diehl, Horst Bosche, Kurt Schneider and Heinz Kieczka "Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_455

[4] C. De Mas; N. B. Jansen; G. T. Tsao (1988). "Production of optically active 2,3-butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31 (4): 366–377. doi:10.1002/bit.260310413. PMID 18584617. S2CID 36530193.

[5] "3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid". Combined Chemical Dictionary. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. 2007.

[6] "Fermentation Derived 2,3-Butanediol", by Marcio Voloch et al. in Comprehensive Biotechnology, Pergamon Press Ltd., England Vol 2, Section 3, p. 933 (1986).

[DaiZhao2015-7] Dai, Jian-Ying; Zhao, Pan; Cheng, Xiao-Long; Xiu, Zhi-Long (2015). "Enhanced Production of 2,3-Butanediol from Sugarcane Molasses". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 175 (6): 3014–3024. doi:10.1007/s12010-015-1481-x. ISSN 0273-2289. PMID 25586489. S2CID 11287904.

[8] Jansen, Norman B.; Flickinger, Michael C.; Tsao, George T. (1984). "Application of bioenergetics to modelling the microbial conversion of D-xylose to 2,3-butanediol". Biotechnol Bioeng. 26 (6): 573–582. doi:10.1002/bit.260260603. PMID 18553372. S2CID 22878894.

[9] "Rocket fuel made on Mars could propel astronauts back to Earth", Design Products & Applications, accessed 6 December 2021.

[10] Nikitina, Maria A.; Ivanova, Irina I. (2016-02-23). "Conversion of 2,3-Butanediol over Phosphate Catalysts". ChemCatChem. 8 (7): 1346–1353. doi:10.1002/cctc.201501399. ISSN 1867-3880. S2CID 102135312.

[11] Kwok, Kelvin Mingyao; Choong, Catherine Kai Shin; Ong, Daniel Sze Wei; Ng, Joy Chun Qi; Gwie, Chuandayani Gunawan; Chen, Luwei; Borgna, Armando (2017-06-07). "Hydrogen-Free Gas-Phase Deoxydehydration of 2,3-Butanediol to Butene on Silica-Supported Vanadium Catalysts". ChemCatChem. 9 (13): 2443–2447. doi:10.1002/cctc.201700301. ISSN 1867-3880. S2CID 99415384.

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