Pashtunistan

Pashtunistan

پښتونستان
Pashtunistan پښتونستان
Region
	Region yang dihuni etnis Pashtun dalam warna hijau (1980)
Negara	Afghanistan; Pakistan
Populasi (2012)
• Total	sekitar 42–50 juta jiwa
Demografi
• Kelompok etnis	Pashtun
• Bahasa	bahasa Pashtun; Minor: Persia, Urdu, Hindko, Balochi, Ormuri, Parachi, Dardik, Nuristani
Zona waktu	UTC+04:30 dan UTC+05:00
Kota terbesar	Peshawar; Kabul; Quetta; Kandahar; Mardan; Mingora; Jalalabad; Ghazni; Kunduz; Khost; D.I. Khan; Swabi; Chaman; Lashkargah; Farah;

Pashtūnistān (bahasa Pashtun: پښتونستان; juga disebut Pakhtūnistān,^[4] atau Pathānistān,^[5]^[6] yang berarti "negeri etnis Pashtun")^[7] adalah region bersejarah geografis yang dihuni oleh penduduk asli etnis Pashtun di Afghanistan dan Pakistan saat ini, di mana budaya, bahasa, dan identitas nasional Pashtun berasal.^[8]^[9]^[10] Nama-nama alternatif yang secara historis digunakan untuk region ini termasuk "Pashtūnkhwā" (پښتونخوا), "Rōh" (روه), dan "Afghānistān" (افغانستان), sejak setidaknya abad ke-3 Masehi dan seterusnya.^[4]^[11]^[12] Pashtunistan berbatasan dengan Punjab di sebelah timur, region-region berbahasa Persia dan Turkik di sebelah barat dan utara, Kashmir di sebelah timur laut, dan Balochistan di sebelah selatan.

Untuk pembagian administratif pada tahun 1893, Mortimer Durand menarik Garis Durand untuk membagi Pashtunistan, menetapkan batas-batas lingkaran pengaruh antara Raja Abdur Rahman Khan dan India Britania. Garis berpori ini yang melintasi pusat region Pashtun membentuk perbatasan modern antara Afghanistan dan Pakistan.^[13] Secara kasar, tanah air Pashtun membentang dari daerah selatan Sungai Amu di Afghanistan ke barat Sungai Indus di Pakistan, sebagian besar terdiri dari distrik-distrik barat daya, timur dan beberapa distrik utara Afghanistan, dan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dan utara Balochistan di Pakistan.^[14]

Dua pejuang-penyair Pashtun Bayazid Pir Roshan dan Khushal Khan Khattak menghimpun pasukan Pashtun untuk bertempur melawan Kesultanan Mughal masing-masing pada abad ke-16 dan 17.Dalam masa-masa ini, bagian timur Pashtunistan diperintah oleh Mughal, sedangkan bagian barat diperintah oleh Dinasti Safawiyah Persia. Region Pashtun pertama kali memperoleh status otonom pada tahun 1709 ketika Mirwais Hotak berhasil memberontak melawan Safawiyah di Loy Kandahar. Etnis Pashtun kembali mencapai persatuan di bawah kepemimpinan Ahmad Shah Durrani, pendiri Dinasti Durrani, ketika dia mendirikan Kekaisaran Afganistan pada tahun 1747. Namun pada abad ke-19, Kekaisaran Afghanistan kehilangan sebagian besar wilayah timurnya kepada Kemaharajaan Sikh dan Imperium Britania. Para aktivis kemerdekaan India beretnis Pashtun terkenal yang menentang kekuasaan Kemaharajaan Britania termasuk Bacha Khan, Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai, dan Mirzali Khan (Faqir dari Ipi). Setelah pembentukan Pakistan tahun 1947, Mirzali Khan dan para pengikutnya menolak untuk mengakui Pakistan, dan melanjutkan perang mereka dari pangkalan mereka di Gurwek, Waziristan, melawan pemerintah negara baru tersebut.^[15]^[16]

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ "Pakistan population: 187,342,721 [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%]". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2012-02-10.
^ "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-06-07. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2010.
^ Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2010. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.
^ ^a ^b Students' Britannica India. Vol. 1–5. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. ISBN 9780852297605. Ghaffar Khan, who opposed the partition, chose to live in Pakistan, where he continued to fight for the rights of the Pashtun minority and for joining Afghanistan. Afghanistan means literally land of the pashtuns! the Homeland of the Pashtun people is Afghanistan
^ The Modern Review, Volume 86. Prabasi Press Private. 1949. The Afghan Government is actively sympathetic towards their demand for a Pathanistan. It has been declared by the Afghan Parliament that Afghanistan does not recognise the Durand line...
^ The Spectator. Vol. 184. F.C. Westley. 1950. Instead it adopted the programme of an independent "Pathanistan" — a programme calculated to strike at the very roots of the new Dominion. More recently the Pathanistan idea has been taken up by Afghanistan.
^ Various spellings result from different pronunciation in various Pashto dialects. See Pashto language: Dialects for further information.
^ Nath, Samir (2002). Dictionary of Vedanta. Sarup & Sons. hlm. 273. ISBN 81-7890-056-4. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-10.
^ "The History of Herodotus Chapter 7". Translated by George Rawlinson. The History Files. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-02-01. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-10.
^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Vol. 2. Leipzig: BRILL. hlm. 150. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-24.
^ "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-24.
^ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (1560). "The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8)". Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-22.
^ Pakistan: Analyst Discusses Controversial 'Pashtunistan' Proposal, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFERL)
^ Shane, Scott (5 December 2009). "The War in Pashtunistan". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2017.
^ The Faqir of Ipi of North Waziristan. The Express Tribune. November 15, 2010.
^ The legendary guerilla Faqir of Ipi unremembered on his 115th anniversary. The Express Tribune. April 18, 2016.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Ahmad, M.(1989) Pukhtunkhwa Kiyun Nahin by Mubarak Chagharzai. pp. 138–139.
Amin, Tahir (1988) -National Language Movements of Pakistan. Islamabad Institute of Policy Studies.
Buzan, Barry and Rizvi, Gowher (1986), South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, London: Macmillan. p. 73.
Fürstenberg, Kai (2012) Waziristan: Solutions for a Troubled Region in Spotlight South Asia, No. 1, ISSN 2195-2787 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205431/http://www.apsa.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SSA-1.pdf)
Caroe, Olaf (1983) The Pathans, with an Epilogue on Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465.

[CIA-Pak-pop-1] "Pakistan population: 187,342,721 [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%]". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2012-02-10.

[CIA-Afghan-pop-2] "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-06-07. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2010.

[Ethnologue-3] Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2010. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.

[Dale_Hoiberg,_Indu_Ramchandani-4] Students' Britannica India. Vol. 1–5. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. ISBN 9780852297605. Ghaffar Khan, who opposed the partition, chose to live in Pakistan, where he continued to fight for the rights of the Pashtun minority and for joining Afghanistan. Afghanistan means literally land of the pashtuns! the Homeland of the Pashtun people is Afghanistan

[Review-5] The Modern Review, Volume 86. Prabasi Press Private. 1949. The Afghan Government is actively sympathetic towards their demand for a Pathanistan. It has been declared by the Afghan Parliament that Afghanistan does not recognise the Durand line...

[Spectator-6] The Spectator. Vol. 184. F.C. Westley. 1950. Instead it adopted the programme of an independent "Pathanistan" — a programme calculated to strike at the very roots of the new Dominion. More recently the Pathanistan idea has been taken up by Afghanistan.

[7] Various spellings result from different pronunciation in various Pashto dialects. See Pashto language: Dialects for further information.

[Nath-8] Nath, Samir (2002). Dictionary of Vedanta. Sarup & Sons. hlm. 273. ISBN 81-7890-056-4. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-10.

[Heredotus-9] "The History of Herodotus Chapter 7". Translated by George Rawlinson. The History Files. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-02-01. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-10.

[Houtsma-150-10] Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Vol. 2. Leipzig: BRILL. hlm. 150. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-24.

[Habibi-11] "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-24.

[Firishta-12] Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (1560). "The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8)". Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-22.

[13] Pakistan: Analyst Discusses Controversial 'Pashtunistan' Proposal, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFERL)

[14] Shane, Scott (5 December 2009). "The War in Pashtunistan". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2017.

[15] The Faqir of Ipi of North Waziristan. The Express Tribune. November 15, 2010.

[16] The legendary guerilla Faqir of Ipi unremembered on his 115th anniversary. The Express Tribune. April 18, 2016.

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Pashtunistan

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Referensi

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